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A\u03b2 aggregation occurs via multiple pathways that can be influenced by various compounds. Here, we used AFM imaging and NMR, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry to monitor <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> how A\u03b2 aggregation is affected by the cigarette-related compounds nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with one to five aromatic rings, and the metal ions Cd(II), Cr(III), Pb(II), and Pb(IV). All PAHs and metal ions modulated the A\u03b2 aggregation process. Cd(II), Cr(III), and Pb(II) ions displayed general electrostatic interactions with A\u03b2, whereas Pb(IV) ions showed specific transient binding coordination to the N-terminal A\u03b2 segment. Thus, Pb(IV) ions are especially prone to interact with A\u03b2 and affect its aggregation. While Pb(IV) ions affected mainly A\u03b2 dimer and trimer formation, hydrophobic toluene mainly affected formation of larger aggregates such as tetramers. The uncharged and hydrophilic nicotine molecule showed no direct interactions with A\u03b2, nor did it affect A\u03b2 aggregation. Our A\u03b2 interaction results suggest a molecular rationale for the higher AD prevalence among smokers, and indicate that certain forms of lead in particular may constitute an environmental risk factor for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13759-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]],"date-time":"2017-10-25T10:04:42Z","timestamp":1508925882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Alzheimer\u2019s disease and cigarette smoke components: effects of nicotine, PAHs, and Cd(II), Cr(III), Pb(II), Pb(IV) ions on amyloid-\u03b2 peptide aggregation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Wallin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina B.","family":"Sholts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicklas","family":"\u00d6sterlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcri","family":"Jarvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per M.","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leopold","family":"Ilag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Gr\u00e4slund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian K. 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