{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T07:50:32Z","timestamp":1770450632328,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]],"date-time":"2017-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]],"date-time":"2017-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In HIV-1 subtype-B, specific mutations in Gag cleavage sites (CS) are associated with treatment failure, with limited knowledge among non-B subtypes. We analyzed non-B HIV-1 gag and pol (protease\/reverse-transcriptase) sequences from Cameroonians for drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in the gag P2\/NC CS, and pol major DRMs. Phylogeny of the 141 sequences revealed a high genetic diversity (12 subtypes): 67.37% CRF02_AG versus 32.6% non-CRF02_AG. Overall, 7.3% transmitted and 34.3% acquired DRMs were found, including M184V, thymidine analogue mutations (T215F, D67N, K70R, K219Q), NNRTIs (L100I, Y181C, K103N, V108I, Y188L), and PIs (V82L). Twelve subjects [10 with HIV-1 CRF02_AG, 8 treatment-na\u00efve and 4 on 3TC-AZT-NVP] showed 3 to 4 mutations in the Gag P2\/NC CS: S373Q\/T\/A, A374T\/S\/G\/N, T375S\/A\/N\/G, I376V, G381S, and R380K. Subjects with or without Gag P2\/NC CS mutations showed no significant difference in viral loads. Treatment-na\u00efve subjects harboring NRTI-DRMs had significantly lower CD4 cells than those with NRTI-DRMs on ART (p\u2009=\u20090.042). Interestingly, two subjects had major DRMs to NRTIs, NNRTIs, and 4 mutations in the Gag P2\/NC CS. In this prevailing CRF02_AG population with little exposure to PIs (~3%), mutations in the Gag P2\/NC CS could increase the risk of treatment failure if there is increased use of PIs-based therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14095-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T10:48:07Z","timestamp":1508496487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Gag P2\/NC and pol genetic diversity, polymorphism, and drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 CRF02_AG- and non-CRF02_AG-infected patients in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Georges","family":"Teto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claude T.","family":"Tagny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Mbanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius Y.","family":"Fonsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1501-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Fokam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilienne","family":"Nchindap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9opoldine","family":"Kenmogne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred K.","family":"Njamnshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgette D.","family":"Kanmogne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"14095_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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HIV Treatment in Africa: A looming crisis. UNAIDS ISSUES BRIEF \n                           http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2015\/2015_HIVtreatmentinAfrica (2015)."},{"key":"14095_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2004.00233.x","volume":"5","author":"BT Roge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roge, B. T. et al. Resistance profiles and adherence at primary virological failure in three different highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens: analysis of failure rates in a randomized study. HIV Med \n                           5, 344\u2013351, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2004.00233.x (2004).","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"14095_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200212153-00006","volume":"31","author":"CF Perno","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perno, C. F. et al. Virologic correlates of adherence to antiretroviral medications and therapeutic failure. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) \n                           31(Suppl 3), S118\u2013122 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)"},{"key":"14095_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2174\/187152611795589663","volume":"11","author":"JB Nachega","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nachega, J. B. et al. HIV treatment adherence, drug resistance, virologic failure: evolving concepts. Infect Disord Drug Targets \n                           11, 167\u2013174 (2011).","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"14095_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834e9d7d","volume":"26","author":"JZ Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, J. Z. et al. Relationship between minority nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations, adherence, and the risk of virologic failure. AIDS \n                           26, 185\u2013192, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834e9d7d (2012).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"14095_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12690","volume":"21","author":"A Jiamsakul","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiamsakul, A. et al. Effects of unplanned treatment interruptions on HIV treatment failure - results from TAHOD. Trop Med Int Health \n                           21, 662\u2013674, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.12690 (2016).","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"14095_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis438","volume":"55","author":"J Luebbert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luebbert, J. et al. Virological failure and drug resistance in patients on antiretroviral therapy after treatment interruption in Lilongwe, Malawi. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America \n                           55, 441\u2013448, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis438 (2012).","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"key":"14095_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70141-4","volume":"11","author":"KC Sigaloff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sigaloff, K. C., Calis, J. C., Geelen, S. P., van Vugt, M. & de Wit, T. F. HIV-1-resistance-associated mutations after failure of first-line antiretroviral treatment among children in resource-poor regions: a systematic review. 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