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However, there are no effective measures to combat the problem. In this study, 105 rations were collected to isolate <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> spp. from the diseased farms. In subsequent experiments, SPF chickens were inoculated with <jats:italic>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale<\/jats:italic> (ORT), <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>), and mortality rate, body weight gain and lesion score were evaluated. Of these ration samples, 63 (60.0%) were <jats:italic>A. fumigates<\/jats:italic>, 21 (20.0%) were <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>) and 11 (10.5%) were <jats:italic>Aspergillus candidus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>A. candidus<\/jats:italic>). Furthermore, SPF birds infected with <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, ORT, H9N2 virus and <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> conidia exhibited a mortality rate of 40%, while simultaneous co-infection with <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, ORT and <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> resulted in a mortality rate of 20%. The avian airsacculitis was manifested in the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>psittaci<\/jats:italic>\u2009+\u2009ORT\/<jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\u2009+\u2009H9N2\u2009+\u2009ORT\/<jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\u2009+\u2009H9N2\/<jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> groups while others had transient respiratory diseases without mortality. Our survey indicates that feed-borne <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> is prevalent in poultry rations. The combination of <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, ORT, H9N2 and <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> conidia contributes to the replication of avian airsacculitis by aggravating the severe damage to the air sacs and lungs of chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14519-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T09:34:42Z","timestamp":1508405682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Co-infection of Chlamydia psittaci with H9N2, ORT and Aspergillus fumigatus contributes to severe pneumonia and high mortality in SPF chickens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghui","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"El-Ashram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5492-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahrar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"14519_CR1","unstructured":"Ahad, A. et al Zoonosis update on H9N2 avian influenza virus. 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