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Both countries rely heavily on coal for energy, and sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) emitted from coal-fired power plants and industry is a major pollutant contributing to their air quality problems. Timely, accurate information on SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> sources is a required input to air quality models for pollution prediction and mitigation. However, such information has been difficult to obtain for these two countries, as fast-paced changes in economy and environmental regulations have often led to unforeseen emission changes. Here we use satellite observations to show that China and India are on opposite trajectories for sulfurous pollution. Since 2007, emissions in China have declined by 75% while those in India have increased by 50%. With these changes, India is now surpassing China as the world\u2019s largest emitter of anthropogenic SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. This finding, not predicted by emission scenarios, suggests effective SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> control in China and lack thereof in India. Despite this, haze remains severe in China, indicating the importance of reducing emissions of other pollutants. In India, ~33 million people now live in areas with substantial SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> pollution. Continued growth in emissions will adversely affect more people and further exacerbate morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14639-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T09:10:50Z","timestamp":1508836250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":270,"title":["India Is Overtaking China as the World\u2019s Largest Emitter of Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Can","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"McLinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitali","family":"Fioletov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6170-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nickolay","family":"Krotkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0360-6660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Carn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Joiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Streets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6823-9603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9974-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinrong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell R.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"14639_CR1","unstructured":"BP P.L.C. 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The error has been fixed in the paper.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"14304"}}