{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:15:39Z","timestamp":1793060139002,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) are microbial nuclease systems involved in defense against phages. Bacteria also resist phages by hosting phage-inducible chromosomal islands (PICI) which prevent phage reproduction. <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> which causes cholera epidemics, interacts with numerous phages in the environment and in cholera patients. Although CRISPR-Cas systems are usually carried by bacteria and archea, recently <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> specific ICP1 phages were found to host a CRISPR-Cas system that inactivates PICI-like elements (PLE) in <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>. We analyzed a collection of phages and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> isolated during seasonal cholera epidemics in Bangladesh, to study the distribution, and recent evolution of the phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas system. Five distinct but related phages carrying the CRISPR-Cas system, and possible CRISPR-Cas negative progenitor phages were identified. Furthermore, CRISPR arrays in the phages were found to have evolved by acquisition of new spacers targeting diverse regions of PLEs carried by the <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> strains, enabling the phages to efficiently grow on PLE positive strains. Our results demonstrate a continuing arms-race involving genetic determinants of phage-resistance in <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>, and the phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas system in the co-evolution of <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> and its phages, presumably fostered by their enhanced interactions during seasonal epidemics of cholera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14839-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]],"date-time":"2017-10-26T15:28:43Z","timestamp":1509031723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Analysis of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacteriophages active on epidemic strains of Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Iftekhar Bin","family":"Naser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Mozammel","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ausrafuggaman","family":"Nahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tokee M.","family":"Tareq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Kamruzzaman","family":"Rocky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah M.","family":"Faruque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"14839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408992102","volume":"102","author":"SM Faruque","year":"2005","unstructured":"Faruque, S. M. et al. Seasonal epidemics of cholera inversely correlate with the prevalence of environmental cholera phages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \n                           102, 1702\u20131707 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"14839_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2003.09.003","volume":"11","author":"SM Faruque","year":"2003","unstructured":"Faruque, S. M. & Mekalanos, J. J. Pathogenicity islands and phages in Vibrio cholerae evolution. Trends Microbiol. \n                           11, 505\u2013510 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"14839_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502069102","volume":"102","author":"SM Faruque","year":"2005","unstructured":"Faruque, S. M. et al. Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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