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Yet, no trials have examined the effects of vitamin D supplementation on NF\u03baB activity <jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic> in humans. We conducted a double-blind randomized trial (RCT) examining effects of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers and NF\u03baB activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Sixty-five overweight\/obese, vitamin D-deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]\u2009\u2264\u200950 nmol\/L) adults were randomized to a single 100,000 IU bolus followed by 4,000 IU daily cholecalciferol or matching placebo for 16 weeks. We measured BMI, %\u00a0body fat, serum 25(OH)D, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3), several interleukins, and NF\u03baB activity in PBMCs. Fifty-four participants completed the study. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations increased with vitamin D supplementation compared to placebo (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Vitamin D and placebo groups did not differ in any inflammatory markers or NF\u03baB activity (all p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Results remained non-significant after adjustment for age, sex, and % body fat, and after further adjustment for sun exposure, physical activity, and dietary vitamin D intake. Although <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic> studies report anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D, our RCT data show no effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers or NF\u03baB activity <jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic> in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15264-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T14:31:22Z","timestamp":1509719482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation and nuclear factor kappa-B activity in overweight\/obese adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Aya","family":"Mousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Naderpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2243-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josphin","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karly","family":"Sourris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian P. J.","family":"de Courten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Scragg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Plebanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"de Courten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"15264_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298","volume":"92","author":"A Pittas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pittas, A., Lau, J., Hu, F. & Dawson-Hughes, B. 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