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Swabs from clinically detected ulcers were tested for HSV-2 and<jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HSV-2 and<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>were detected by serum antibody testing. Microbial community structure was characterized by high-throughput 16\u2009s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Multiple group testing and Elastic net and Lasso regressions identified taxa associated with differences in factors of interest. Among 49 ulcer specimens from 49 HSV-2 seropositive women, by PCR HSV-2 was recovered from 28 (57%) specimens and<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>from none; one woman showed serologic evidence of syphilis. Overall, 63% of women were HIV-positive and 49% had an uncircumcised male sex partner. By both multiple group testing and regression,<jats:italic>Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>(FDR p-value\u2009=\u20090.02),<jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>(FDR p-value\u2009=\u20090.03),<jats:italic>Anaerococcus<\/jats:italic>(FDR p-value\u2009=\u20090.07), and<jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic>(FDR p-value\u2009=\u20090.09) were detected at higher relative abundance in HSV-2 PCR-positive than negative ulcers. The presence of HSV-2 in a lesion was associated with presumed bacterial agents of Bacterial vaginosis. Differences in bacterial communities may contribute to HSV-2 ulcer pathogenesis, severity, or prolonged healing. If these results are confirmed, future studies may consider the influence of BV treatment on women\u2019s GUD and HSV-2 incidence and recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15554-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]],"date-time":"2017-11-07T16:16:11Z","timestamp":1510071371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Microbial Diversity of Genital Ulcers of HSV-2 Seropositive Women"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Supriya D.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish K.","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Naqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elijah","family":"Odoyo-June","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Gaydos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Landay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"15554_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020298","volume":"2","author":"B Auvert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Auvert, B. et al. 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