{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:49:09Z","timestamp":1759938549056,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Decision-making about the expected value of an experience or behavior can explain hearing health behaviors in older adults with hearing loss. Forty-four middle-aged to older adults (68.45\u2009\u00b1\u20097.73 years) performed a task in which they were asked to decide whether information from a surgeon or an administrative assistant would be important to their health in hypothetical communication scenarios across visual\u00a0signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Participants also could choose to view the briefly presented sentences multiple times. The number of these effortful attempts to read the stimuli served as a measure of demand for information to make a health importance decision. Participants with poorer high frequency hearing more frequently decided that information was important to their health compared to participants with better high frequency hearing. This appeared to reflect a response bias because participants with high frequency hearing loss demonstrated shorter response latencies when they rated the sentences as important to their health. However, elevated high frequency hearing thresholds did not predict demand for information to make a health importance decision. The results highlight the utility of a performance-based measure to characterize effort and expected value from performing tasks in older adults with hearing loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16673-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T12:22:17Z","timestamp":1511353337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Novel Communication Value Task Demonstrates Evidence of Response Bias in Cases with Presbyacusis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Eckert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Kenneth I.","family":"Vaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8718-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Teubner-Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon S.","family":"Bentzley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"16673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000300","volume":"37","author":"MA Eckert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eckert, M. A., Teubner-Rhodes, S. & Vaden, K. I. Jr. Is listening in noise worth it? The neurobiology of speech recognition in challenging listening conditions. Ear Hear \n                           37(Suppl 1), 101S\u201310S, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000300 (2016).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"16673_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000312","volume":"37","author":"MK Pichora-Fuller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pichora-Fuller, M. K. et al. Hearing impairment and cognitive energy: The framework for understanding effortful listening (FUEL). Ear Hear \n                           37(Suppl 1), 5S\u201327S, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000312 (2016).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0140)","volume":"53","author":"S Fraser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fraser, S., Gagne, J. P., Alepins, M. & Dubois, P. Evaluating the effort expended to understand speech in noise using a dual-task paradigm: the effects of providing visual speech cues. J Speech Lang Hear Res \n                           53(1), 18\u201333, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0140) (2010).","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/00206099709071969","volume":"36","author":"SE Kramer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kramer, S. E., Kapteyn, T. S., Festen, J. M. & Kuik, D. J. Assessing aspects of auditory handicap by means of pupil dilatation. Audiology \n                           36(3), 155\u201364 (1997).","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01477.x","volume":"50","author":"SE Kuchinsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuchinsky, S. E. et al. Pupil size varies with word listening and response selection difficulty in older adults with hearing loss. Psychophysiology \n                           50(1), 23\u201334, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01477.x (2013).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"16673_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.22.2.6","volume":"22","author":"CL Mackersie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mackersie, C. L. & Cones, H. Subjective and psychophysiological indexes of listening effort in a competing-talker task. J Am Acad Audiol \n                           22(2), 113\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3766\/jaaa.22.2.6 (2011).","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014802","volume":"24","author":"PA Tun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tun, P. A., McCoy, S. & Wingfield, A. Aging, hearing acuity, and the attentional costs of effortful listening. Psychol Aging \n                           24(3), 761\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014802 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182a02274","volume":"35","author":"JB Ahlstrom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahlstrom, J. B., Horwitz, A. R. & Dubno, J. R. Spatial separation benefit for unaided and aided listening. Ear Hear \n                           35(1), 72\u201385, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182a02274 (2014).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"16673_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000292","volume":"37","author":"M Matthen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matthen, M. Effort and displeasure in people who are hard of hearing. Ear Hear \n                           37(Suppl 1), 28S\u201334S, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000292 (2016).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"5","key":"16673_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31828003d8","volume":"34","author":"BW Hornsby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hornsby, B. W. The effects of hearing aid use on listening effort and mental fatigue associated with sustained speech processing demands. Ear Hear \n                           34(5), 523\u201334, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31828003d8 (2013).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"16673_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000289","volume":"37","author":"BW Hornsby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hornsby, B. W., Naylor, G. & Bess, F. H. A Taxonomy of fatigue concepts and their relation to hearing loss. Ear Hear \n                           37(Suppl 1), 136S\u201344S, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000289 (2016).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/02724980443000151","volume":"58","author":"SL McCoy","year":"2005","unstructured":"McCoy, S. L. et al. Hearing loss and perceptual effort: Downstream effects on older adults\u2019 memory for speech. Q J Exp Psychol A \n                           58(1), 22\u201333, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02724980443000151 (2005).","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol A"},{"issue":"9","key":"16673_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020600754583","volume":"45","author":"SE Kramer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kramer, S. E., Kapteyn, T. S. & Houtgast, T. Occupational performance: comparing normally-hearing and hearing-impaired employees using the Amsterdam Checklist for Hearing and Work. Int J Audiol \n                           45(9), 503\u201312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14992020600754583 (2006).","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"16673_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1177214","volume":"55","author":"MA Ferguson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferguson, M. A., Woolley, A. & Munro, K. J. The impact of self-efficacy, expectations, and readiness on hearing aid outcomes. Int J Audiol \n                           55(Suppl 3), S34\u2013S41, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14992027.2016.1177214 (2016).","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"16673_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23404","volume":"122","author":"R Kaplan-Neeman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaplan-Neeman, R., Muchnik, C., Hildesheimer, M. & Henkin, Y. Hearing aid satisfaction and use in the advanced digital era. Laryngoscope \n                           122(9), 2029\u201336, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.23404 (2012).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"7","key":"16673_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.25.7.3","volume":"25","author":"C Meyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meyer, C., Hickson, L., Khan, A. & Walker, D. What is important for hearing aid satisfaction? Application of the expectancy-disconfirmation model. J Am Acad Audiol \n                           25(7), 644\u201355, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3766\/jaaa.25.7.3 (2014).","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"16673_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802716760","volume":"48","author":"LL Wong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wong, L. L., Hickson, L. & McPherson, B. Satisfaction with hearing aids: a consumer research perspective. Int J Audiol \n                           48(7), 405\u201327, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14992020802716760 (2009).","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200502000-00002","volume":"26","author":"RM Cox","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cox, R. M., Alexander, G. C. & Gray, G. A. Who wants a hearing aid? Personality profiles of hearing aid seekers. Ear Hear \n                           26(1), 12\u201326 (2005).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"2","key":"16673_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1745582","volume":"12","author":"JC Jerram","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jerram, J. C. & Purdy, S. C. Technology, expectations, and adjustment to hearing loss: predictors of hearing aid outcome. J Am Acad Audiol \n                           12(2), 64\u201379 (2001).","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15.3.6","volume":"15","author":"GH Saunders","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saunders, G. H. & Jutai, J. W. Hearing specific and generic measures of the psychosocial impact of hearing aids. J Am Acad Audiol \n                           15(3), 238\u201348 (2004).","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.16.3.457","volume":"16","author":"KN Kirby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirby, K. N. One-year temporal stability of delay-discount rates. Psychon Bull Rev \n                           16(3), 457\u201362, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/PBR.16.3.457 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.128.1.78","volume":"128","author":"KN Kirby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M. & Bickel, W. K. Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. J Exp Psychol Gen \n                           128(1), 78\u201387 (1999).","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"4","key":"16673_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1204","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2982","volume":"131","author":"S Brandt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brandt, S. & Dickinson, B. Time and risk preferences and the use of asthma controller medication. Pediatrics \n                           131(4), e1204\u201310, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-2982 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"16673_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-015-9754-8","volume":"50","author":"JM Bruce","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bruce, J. M. et al. Being kind to your future self: probability discounting of health decision-making. Ann Behav Med \n                           50(2), 297\u2013309, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-015-9754-8 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR25","first-page":"207","volume":"10","author":"J Kertes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kertes, J. et al. Factors contributing to compliance with osteoporosis medication. Isr Med Assoc J \n                           10(3), 207\u201313 (2008).","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"4","key":"16673_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13004","volume":"40","author":"J MacKillop","year":"2016","unstructured":"MacKillop, J. The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of alcohol uses disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res \n                           40(4), 672\u201385, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13004 (2016).","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"16673_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2798-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"JE Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi, J. E., Vaswani, P. A. & Shadmehr, R. Vigor of movements and the cost of time in decision making. J Neurosci \n                           34(4), 1212\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2798-13.2014 (2014).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"31","key":"16673_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10507","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1343-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"R Shadmehr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shadmehr, R., Orban de Xivry, J. J., Xu-Wilson, M. & Shih, T. Y. Temporal discounting of reward and the cost of time in motor control. J Neurosci \n                           30(31), 10507\u201316, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1343-10.2010 (2010).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"16673_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005491","volume":"146","author":"SH Mitchell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mitchell, S. H. Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) \n                           146(4), 455\u201364 (1999).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2899-2","volume":"226","author":"BS Bentzley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bentzley, B. S., Fender, K. M. & Aston-Jones, G. The behavioral economics of drug self-administration: A review and new analytical approach for within-session procedures. Psychopharmacology (Berl) \n                           226(1), 113\u201325, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-012-2899-2 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"32","key":"16673_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11822","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406324111","volume":"111","author":"BS Bentzley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bentzley, B. S., Jhou, T. C. & Aston-Jones, G. Economic demand predicts addiction-like behavior and therapeutic efficacy of oxytocin in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA \n                           111(32), 11822\u20137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1406324111 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"16673_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strauss, D. J. & Francis, A. L. Toward a taxonomic model of attention in effortful listening. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-017-0513-0 (2017).","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-017-0513-0"},{"issue":"7","key":"16673_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000131","volume":"31","author":"KL Seaman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seaman, K. L. et al. Adult age differences in decision making across domains: Increased discounting of social and health-related rewards. Psychol Aging \n                           31(7), 737\u2013746, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pag0000131 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"16673_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024141","volume":"19","author":"SR Lawyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lawyer, S. R., Schoepflin, F., Green, R. & Jenks, C. Discounting of hypothetical and potentially real outcomes in nicotine-dependent and nondependent samples. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol \n                           19(4), 263\u201374, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024141 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"16673_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(93)90058-X","volume":"33","author":"SR Hursh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hursh, S. R. Behavioral economics of drug self-administration: an introduction. Drug Alcohol Depend \n                           33(2), 165\u201372 (1993).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"8","key":"16673_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3109\/14992021003685817","volume":"49","author":"K Lockey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lockey, K., Jennings, M. B. & Shaw, L. Exploring hearing aid use in older women through narratives. Int J Audiol \n                           49(8), 542\u20139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14992021003685817 (2010).","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"16673_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clifton, C. J. & Staub, A. Syntactic influences on eye movements during reading, In Oxford Handbook on Eye Movements, Liversedge, S., Gilchrist, I. & Everling, S. Editors Oxford: Oxford University Press (2011).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199539789.013.0049"},{"issue":"2","key":"16673_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2014.952458","volume":"54","author":"R Carroll","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carroll, R. et al. Development of a German reading span test with dual task design for application in cognitive hearing research. Int J Audiol \n                           54(2), 136\u201341, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14992027.2014.952458 (2015).","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"16673_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2009.00747.x","volume":"50","author":"SE Kramer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kramer, S. E., Zekveld, A. A. & Houtgast, T. Measuring cognitive factors in speech comprehension: the value of using the Text Reception Threshold test as a visual equivalent of the SRT test. Scand J Psychol \n                           50(5), 507\u201315, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2009.00747.x (2009).","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2011.02.007","volume":"87","author":"AL Odum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Odum, A. L. Delay discounting: trait variable? Behav Processes \n                           87(1), 1\u20139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2011.02.007 (2011).","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"issue":"7","key":"16673_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068210","volume":"8","author":"A Westbrook","year":"2013","unstructured":"Westbrook, A., Kester, D. & Braver, T. S. What is the subjective cost of cognitive effort? Load, trait, and aging effects revealed by economic preference. PloS One \n                           8(7), e68210 (2013).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2466\/09.14.PR0.112.3.694-705","volume":"112","author":"M Malesza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malesza, M. & Ostaszewski, P. Relations between Cloninger\u2019s dimensions of temperament and steepness of delay and effort discounting of monetary rewards. Psychol Rep \n                           112(3), 694\u2013705 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"16673_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamosh, N. A. & Gray, J. R. Delay discounting and intelligence: A meta-analysis. 36(4), 289\u2013305 (2008).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2007.09.004"},{"issue":"9","key":"16673_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02175.x","volume":"19","author":"NA Shamosh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shamosh, N. A. et al. Individual differences in delay discounting: relation to intelligence, working memory, and anterior prefrontal cortex. Psychol Sci \n                           19(9), 904\u201311 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2004.01.002","volume":"94","author":"D Read","year":"2004","unstructured":"Read, D. & Read, N. L. Time discounting over the lifespan. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process \n                           94(1), 22\u201332 (2004).","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200502000-00001","volume":"26","author":"FS Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee, F. S., Matthews, L. J., Dubno, J. R. & Mills, J. H. Longitudinal study of pure-tone thresholds in older persons. Ear Hear \n                           26(1), 1\u201311 (2005).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2016.1108784","volume":"42","author":"KI Vaden Jr.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vaden, K. I. Jr. et al. Cingulo-opercular function during word recognition in noise for older adults with hearing loss. Exp Aging Res \n                           42(1), 67\u201382, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0361073X.2016.1108784 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"16673_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.11.013","volume":"215","author":"RE Weller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weller, R. E. et al. Delay discounting and task performance consistency in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res \n                           215(2), 286\u201393, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.11.013 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"16673_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-012-0332-5","volume":"13","author":"MA Eckert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eckert, M. A., Cute, S. L., Vaden, K. I. Jr., Kuchinsky, S. E. & Dubno, J. R. Auditory cortex signs of age-related hearing loss. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol \n                           13(5), 703\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-012-0332-5 (2012).","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0381-4","volume":"14","author":"MA Eckert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eckert, M. A. et al. White matter hyperintensities predict low frequency hearing in older adults. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol \n                           14(3), 425\u201333, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-013-0381-4 (2013).","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"16673_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0396-x","volume":"14","author":"JR Dubno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dubno, J. R., Eckert, M. A., Lee, F. S., Matthews, L. J. & Schmiedt, R. A. Classifying human audiometric phenotypes of age-related hearing loss from animal models. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol \n                           14(5), 687\u2013701, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-013-0396-x (2013).","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198205000-00006","volume":"3","author":"IM Ventry","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ventry, I. M. & Weinstein, B. E. The hearing handicap inventory for the elderly: a new tool. Ear Hear \n                           3(3), 128\u201334 (1982).","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0458-y","volume":"47","author":"JR de Leeuw","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Leeuw, J. R. jsPsych: a JavaScript library for creating behavioral experiments in a Web browser. Behav Res Methods \n                           47(1), 1\u201312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-014-0458-y (2015).","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0567-2","volume":"48","author":"JR de Leeuw","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Leeuw, J. R. & Motz, B. A. Psychophysics in a Web browser? Comparing response times collected with JavaScript and Psychophysics Toolbox in a visual search task. Behav Res Methods \n                           48(1), 1\u201312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-015-0567-2 (2016).","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"16673_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hagura, N., Haggard, P. & Diedrichsen, J. Perceptual decisions are biased by the cost to act. Elife \n                           6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.18422 (2017).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18422"},{"key":"16673_CR56","unstructured":"Kaplan, B. A., Lemley, S. M., Reed, D. D. & Jarmolowicz, D. P. 21-and 27-Item Monetary Choice Questionnaire Automated Scorers. University of Kansas (2014)."},{"key":"16673_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.07.021","volume":"107","author":"J Myerson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Myerson, J., Baumann, A. A. & Green, L. Discounting of delayed rewards: (A)theoretical interpretation of the Kirby questionnaire. Behav Processes \n                           107, 99\u2013105, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.07.021 (2014).","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"issue":"10","key":"16673_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4384","volume":"19","author":"A Shenhav","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shenhav, A., Cohen, J. D. & Botvinick, M. M. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control. Nat Neurosci \n                           19(10), 1286\u201391, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.4384 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"16673_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072626","volume":"8","author":"W Kool","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kool, W., McGuire, J. T., Wang, G. J. & Botvinick, M. M. Neural and behavioral evidence for an intrinsic cost of self-control. PLoS One \n                           8(8), e72626, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0072626 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"16673_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-H-16-0011","volume":"60","author":"MA Eckert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eckert, M. A., Matthews, L. J. & Dubno, J. R. Self-assessed hearing handicap in older adults with poorer-than-predicted speech recognition in noise. J Speech Lang Hear Res \n                           60(1), 251\u201362 (2017).","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"16673_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40567","volume":"7","author":"SE Garcia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia, S. E., Jones, P. R., Rubin, G. S. & Nardini, M. Auditory localisation biases increase with sensory uncertainty. Sci Rep \n                           7, 40567, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep40567 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"16673_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4828828","volume":"134","author":"AY Bonino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonino, A. Y., Leibold, L. J. & Buss, E. Effect of signal-temporal uncertainty in children and adults: tone detection in noise or a random-frequency masker. J Acoust Soc Am \n                           134(6), 4446, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4828828 (2013).","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"16673_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2902.155","volume":"29","author":"S Gordon-Salant","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gordon-Salant, S. Effects of aging on response criteria in speech-recognition tasks. J Speech Hear Res \n                           29(2), 155\u201362 (1986).","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"16673_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P125","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/54B.2.P125","volume":"54","author":"EA Stine-Morrow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stine-Morrow, E. A., Soederberg Miller, L. M. & Nevin, J. A. The effects of context and feedback on age differences in spoken word recognition. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci \n                           54(2), P125\u201334 (1999).","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"16673_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/32.4.436","volume":"32","author":"M Potash","year":"1977","unstructured":"Potash, M. & Jones, B. Aging and decision criteria for the detection of tones in noise. J Gerontol \n                           32(4), 436\u201340 (1977).","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"16673_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193973","volume":"13","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ratcliff, R., Thapar, A. & McKoon, G. Aging and individual differences in rapid two-choice decisions. Psychon Bull Rev \n                           13(4), 626\u201335 (2006).","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"16673_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8455","volume":"6","author":"I Krajbich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krajbich, I., Bartling, B., Hare, T. & Fehr, E. Rethinking fast and slow based on a critique of reaction-time reverse inference. Nat Commun \n                           6, 7455, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms8455 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"16673_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1395997","volume":"19","author":"A Ribas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ribas, A., Silvestre, R., Mottecy, C. M., Kozlowski, L. & Marques, J. M. Relationship between otolaryngologic complaints and systemic comorbidities observed in a group of hearing aid users. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol \n                           19(3), 216\u201321, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0034-1395997 (2015).","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"6","key":"16673_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.0188","volume":"142","author":"AN Simpson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simpson, A. N., Simpson, K. N. & Dubno, J. R. Higher health care costs in middle-aged US adults with hearing loss. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg \n                           142(6), 607\u20139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.0188 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"16673_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2013.05.014","volume":"28","author":"DD Johnson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson, D. D., Blumstein, D. T., Fowler, J. H. & Haselton, M. G. The evolution of error: error management, cognitive constraints, and adaptive decision-making biases. Trends Ecol Evol \n                           28(8), 474\u201381, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2013.05.014 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-16673-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-16673-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-16673-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T14:14:24Z","timestamp":1671804864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-16673-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-16673-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"16512"}}