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The influence of early pathogenic mechanisms at play during bacterial epididymitis on reproductive outcomes is little understood. We report here that experimental epididymitis induced in rats by Gram-negative (LPS) and Gram-positive (LTA) bacterial products resulted in differential patterns of acute inflammation in the cauda epididymis. LPS elicited a strong inflammatory reaction, as reflected by upregulation of levels of mRNA for seven inflammatory mediators (\n                    <jats:italic>Il1b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Tnf<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Il6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ifng<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Il10<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Nos2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Nfkbia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and tissue concentration of six cytokines\/chemokines (IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL10, CXCL2 and CCL2) within the first 24\u2009h post-treatment. Conversely, LTA induced downregulation of one (\n                    <jats:italic>Nfkbia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and upregulation of six (\n                    <jats:italic>Il1b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Il6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Nos2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Il4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>Il10<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ptgs1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) inflammatory gene transcripts, whereas increased the tissue concentration of three cytokines\/chemokines (IL10, CXCL2 and CCL2). The stronger acute inflammatory response induced by LPS correlated with a reduction of epididymal sperm count and transit time that occurred at 1, 7, and 15 days post-treatment. Our study provides evidence that early epididymal inflammatory signaling events to bacterial activators of innate immunity may contribute to the detrimental effects of epididymitis upon male fertility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17944-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T14:01:06Z","timestamp":1514901666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Lipopolysaccharide and lipotheicoic acid differentially modulate epididymal cytokine and chemokine profiles and sperm parameters in experimental acute epididymitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9330-8658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick J. 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