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But no research has manipulated these variables in the field to investigate their causal \u2013 and potentially interactive \u2013 effects on prosocial behaviour. Across four experimental sessions involving large samples of strangers, we manipulated the synchronous and physiologically arousing affordances of a group marching task within a sports stadium. We observed participants\u2019 subsequent movement, grouping, and cooperation via a camera hidden in the stadium\u2019s roof. Synchrony and arousal both showed main effects, predicting larger groups, tighter clustering, and more cooperative behaviour in a free-rider dilemma. Synchrony and arousal also interacted on measures of clustering and cooperation such that synchrony only encouraged closer clustering\u2014and encouraged greater cooperation\u2014when paired with physiological arousal. The research helps us understand why synchrony and arousal often co-occur in rituals around the world. 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