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This study aimed to evaluate the efficiacy and safety of a combined regimen of rhIL-2 injection and standard chemotherapy within 18-month duration in a randomized controlled trial conducted in 14 centres in eastern China. From Jan. 2009 to July. 2016, 271 MDR-TB cases were enrolled and followed up in two groups, 142 cases in study group while 129 cases in control group. Clinical efficacy, safety and immune activity (Th1, Th17, Treg, IFN-\u03b3, IL-17) among the two groups were evaluated and compared. After 24-month following up, cure rate in IL-2 group show higher than that in control group (56% VS 36%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Rate of mycobacterium clearance (sputum negative) within 3\u2009months was significantly higher in IL-2 group (74% VS 59%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) with no adverse events raised. Patients after rhIL-2 treatment showed increasing of Th1 populations and decreasing of Th17 and Regulatory T cells (Treg) populations, while levels of IL-17A, ROR-\u03b3t, and Foxp3 mRNA decreased and level of IFN-\u03b3 mRNA increased in PBMCs. 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