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Tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2), a key component of NF\u03baB signalling, has been identified as an oncogene, but its role in the regulation of breast cancer osteolytic metastasis remains unknown. Here, we report that stable overexpression of TRAF2 in parental and osteotropic sub-clones of human MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231) breast cancer cells increased cell growth and motility <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, whereas TRAF2 knockdown was inhibitory. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>, TRAF2 overexpression in the parental MDA-231-P cells enhanced tumour growth after orthotopic injection into the mammary fat pad of mice but failed to promote the metastasis of these cells to bone. In contrast, overexpression of TRAF2 in osteotropic MDA-231-BT cells increased skeletal tumour growth, enhanced osteoclast formation and worsened osteolytic bone loss after intra-tibial injection in mice. Mechanistic and functional studies in osteotropic MDA-231-BT and osteoclasts revealed that upregulation of TRAF2 increased the ability of osteotropic MDA-231-BT cells to migrate and to enhance osteoclastogenesis by a mechanism dependent, at least in part, on NF\u03baB activation. Thus, the TRAF2\/NF\u03baB axis is implicated in the regulation of skeletal tumour burden and osteolysis associated with advanced breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18327-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T15:33:28Z","timestamp":1514907208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["TRAF2 in osteotropic breast cancer cells enhances skeletal tumour growth and promotes osteolysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Prabha","family":"Peramuhendige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dani\u00eblle","family":"de Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Khogeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Capulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Rucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4327-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymen I.","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"18327_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.115.4.679","volume":"115","author":"JY Chung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chung, J. 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