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Approximately 5% of people that resolve the disease become chronic carriers, with the gallbladder as the main reservoir of the bacteria. Of these, about 90% present with\u00a0gallstones, on which <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> form biofilms. Because <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi is a human-restricted pathogen, these carriers are the main source of dissemination of the disease; unfortunately, antibiotic treatment has shown to be an ineffective therapy. This is believed to be caused by the inherent antibiotic resistance conferred by <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> biofilms growing on gallstones. The gallstone mouse model with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium has proven to be an excellent surrogate for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi chronic infection. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the biofilm state confers <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> with the increased resistance to antibiotics observed in cases of chronic carriage. We found that, in the biofilm state, <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is significantly more resistant to ciprofloxacin, a common antibiotic used for the treatment of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for both <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium with respect to planktonic cells) and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> (p\u2009=\u20090.0035 with respect to control mice).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18516-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T17:54:16Z","timestamp":1515002056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Biofilm Formation Protects Salmonella from the Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin In Vitro and In Vivo in the Mouse Model of chronic Carriage"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halley","family":"Alberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Doolittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"18516_CR1","first-page":"346","volume":"82","author":"JA Crump","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crump, J. 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