{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:43:18Z","timestamp":1782808998812,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leukemia is a malignant progressive disease and has four major subtypes. Different racial groups differ significantly in multiple aspects. Our goal is to systematically and comprehensively quantify racial differences in leukemia. The SEER database is analyzed, and comprehensive descriptive analysis is provided for the four major subtypes, namely ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia), CLL (chronic lymphoblastic leukemia), AML (acute myeloid leukemia), and CML (chronic myeloid leukemia), and for two age groups (\u226414 and &gt;14) separately. The racial groups studied include NHW (non-Hispanic White), HW (Hispanic White), BL (Black), and API (Asian and Pacific Islander). Univariate and multivariate analyses are conducted to quantify racial differences in patients\u2019 characteristics, incidence, and survival. For patients\u2019 characteristics, significant racial differences are observed in gender, age at diagnosis, diagnosis era, using radiation for treatment, registry, cancer history, and histology type. For incidence, significant racial differences are observed, and the patterns vary across subtypes, gender, and age groups. For most of the subtypes and gender and age groups, Blacks have the worst five-year survival, and significant racial differences exist. This study provides a comprehensive epidemiologic description of racial differences for the four major leukemia subtypes in the U.S. population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19081-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T16:02:30Z","timestamp":1515168150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Racial Differences in Four Leukemia Subtypes: Comprehensive Descriptive Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yinjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangge","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"19081_CR1","unstructured":"Leukemia\u2014Patient Version, https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/leukemia."},{"key":"19081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-209262","volume":"114","author":"JW Vardiman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vardiman, J. W. et al. The2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes. Blood 114, 937\u2013951 (2009).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"19081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.31-6-234","volume":"31","author":"JJ Hutter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hutter, J. J. Childhood Leukemia. Pediatrics in Review 31, 234\u2013241, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.31-6-234 (2010).","journal-title":"Pediatrics in Review"},{"key":"19081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28233","volume":"119","author":"CR Flowers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flowers, C. R. & Pro, B. Racial differences in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 119, 3593\u20133595 (2013).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"19081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28531","volume":"120","author":"JYS Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim, J. Y. S., Bhatia, S., Robison, L. L. & Yang, J. J. Genomics of racial and ethnic disparities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 120, 955\u2013962 (2014).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"19081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0963","volume":"24","author":"MI Patel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel, M. I., Ma, Y., Mitchell, B. & Rhoads, K. F. How do differences in treatment impact racial and ethnic disparities in acute myeloid leukemia? Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 24, 344\u2013349 (2015).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers"},{"key":"19081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.4.813","volume":"18","author":"BH Pollock","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pollock, B. H. et al. Racial differences in the survival of childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 18, 813\u2013813 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"19081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe, E. B., Meltzer, J. P. & Bethea, T. N. Health disparities and cancer: racial disparities in cancer mortality in the United States, 2000\u20132010. Frontiers in public health 3 (2015).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00051"},{"key":"19081_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.5.334","volume":"94","author":"VL Shavers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shavers, V. L. & Brown, M. L. Racial and ethnic disparities in the receipt of cancer treatment. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 94, 334\u2013357 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"19081_CR10","unstructured":"SEER database, http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/."},{"key":"19081_CR11","unstructured":"SEER Registry Groupings for Analyses, http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/."},{"key":"19081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-016-0257-2","volume":"9","author":"D Pulte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pulte, D. et al. Trends in survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients in Germany and the USA in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Journal of hematology & oncology 9, 28 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of hematology & oncology"},{"key":"19081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.5540","volume":"34","author":"SV Adams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams, S. V., Newcomb, P. A. & Shustov, A. R. Racial patterns of peripheral T-cell lymphoma incidence and survival in the United States. Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, 963\u2013971 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"19081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2014.12.003","volume":"29","author":"C Talati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Talati, C., Ontiveros, E. P., Griffiths, E. A., Wang, E. S. & Wetzler, M. How we will treat chronic myeloid leukemia in 2016. Blood reviews 29, 137\u2013142 (2015).","journal-title":"Blood reviews"},{"key":"19081_CR15","unstructured":"Hoffbrand, A., Moss, P. & Pettit, J. Essential Haematology, 2006. Blackwell Publishing, Malden MA, pgs5, 249 (2006)."},{"key":"19081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorak, M. T. & Karpuzoglu, E. Gender differences in cancer susceptibility: an inadequately addressed issue. Frontiers in genetics 3 (2012).","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2012.00268"},{"key":"19081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2918","volume":"12","author":"A-L Barab\u00e1si","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barab\u00e1si, A.-L., Gulbahce, N. & Loscalzo, J. Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease. 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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Outcome (2014)."},{"key":"19081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6555","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.6555","volume":"29","author":"R Mandal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mandal, R., Bolt, D. & Shah, B. Survival differences in chronic myeloid leukemia by race in pre-and post-imatinib era. Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, 6555\u20136555 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"19081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0b013e3181dea934","volume":"34","author":"MM Byrne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Byrne, M. M. et al. Effects of poverty and race on outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia. American journal of clinical oncology 34, 297\u2013304 (2011).","journal-title":"American journal of clinical oncology"},{"key":"19081_CR26","first-page":"82","volume-title":"ASH Education Program Book","author":"B L\u00f6wenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"L\u00f6wenberg, B., Griffin, J. D. & Tallman, M. S. Acute myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia. ASH Education Program Book 2003, (82\u2013101 (2003)."},{"key":"19081_CR27","first-page":"98","volume":"2004","author":"RM Stone","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stone, R. M., O\u2019Donnell, M. R. & Sekeres, M. A. Acute myeloid leukemia. ASH Education Program Book 2004, 98\u2013117 (2004).","journal-title":"ASH Education Program Book"},{"key":"19081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0395","volume":"100","author":"S Bhatia","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bhatia, S. et al. Racial and ethnic differences in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 100, 1957\u20131964 (2002).","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-19081-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-19081-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-19081-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:52:14Z","timestamp":1671583934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-19081-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-19081-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"548"}}