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Its cause remains unclear. The transforming growth-factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) superfamily and their receptors, termed Activin receptor-like kinases (ALKs), have recently been suggested to play a role in local airway inflammation, but have so far not been evaluated in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) from CRSwNP patients. We demonstrated that ALK1\u20137 were expressed in the nasal polyp epithelium, and the expression of ALK1-6 was markedly elevated in polyps compared to nasal mucosa from healthy controls. Stimulation with the ALK ligand TGF-\u03b21 decreased Ki67 expression in HNECs from CRSwNP patients, not evident in controls. Likewise, TGF-\u03b21, Activin A and Activin B, all ALK ligands, decreased IL-8 release and Activin A and Activin B reduced ICAM1 expression on HNECs from CRSwNP patients, not seen in controls. Pre-stimulation with TGF-\u03b21, Activin A, BMP4 and Activin B attenuated a TNF-\u03b1-induced ICAM1 upregulation on HNECs of CRSwNP. No effect was evident in controls. In conclusion, an increased expression of ALK1-6 was found on polyp epithelial cells and ligand stimulation appeared to reduce proliferation and local inflammation in polyps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19955-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T16:44:01Z","timestamp":1516293841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Activation of Activin receptor-like kinases curbs mucosal inflammation and proliferation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lotta","family":"Tengroth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Arebro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Bachert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanna Kumlien","family":"Geor\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars-Olaf","family":"Cardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"19955_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02646.x","volume":"66","author":"D Hastan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hastan, D. et al. 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