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However, the specific mechanism of how dentinal tubules contribute to bone formation has not been determined with regard to DDM transplantation therapy. In this study, we ultrastructurally investigated how DDM contacted the surrounding newly formed bone using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) three-dimensional reconstruction method that is based on focused ion beam slicing and SEM (FIB\/SEM). A pulverised and processed DDM derived from human teeth was implanted into rat calvarial bone defects, and a series of X-ray computed tomographic images were obtained over 12 weeks. Implants with surrounding new bone were removed and histologically examined using FIB\/SEM. After obtaining objective block-face images, the target boundary face was reconstructed three-dimensionally. The osteocytes of the new bone tissue surrounding the DDM formed a network connected by their cellular processes and formed bone tissue. It is also interesting that the cellular processes of the osteocytes extended into the dentinal tubules, and that bone tissue with canaliculi had formed and filled the DDM surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21291-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T15:46:49Z","timestamp":1517932009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis of the interface between an implanted demineralised dentin matrix and the surrounding newly formed bone"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ryuichiro","family":"Tanoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Miyazono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Koba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Natori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei-ichiro","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingo","family":"Kusukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"21291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murata, M. et al. 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