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While various models have highlighted working memory, reinforcement learning, and cognitive control as key functions, a single framework for interpreting the range of effects observed in prefrontal cortex has yet to emerge. Here we show that a simple computational motif based on predictive coding can be stacked hierarchically to learn and perform arbitrarily complex goal-directed behavior. The resulting Hierarchical Error Representation (HER) model simulates a wide array of findings from fMRI, ERP, single-units, and neuropsychological studies of both lateral and medial prefrontal cortex. By reconceptualizing lateral prefrontal activity as anticipating prediction errors, the HER model provides a novel unifying account of prefrontal cortex function with broad implications for understanding the frontal cortex across multiple levels of description, from the level of single neurons to behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21407-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]],"date-time":"2018-02-23T05:47:04Z","timestamp":1519364824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Frontal cortex function as derived from hierarchical predictive coding"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"William H.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua W.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"21407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00285-9","volume":"30","author":"JM Fuster","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fuster, J. 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