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In addition, recent research has suggested that pDCs possess direct and indirect tumoricidal activities. We previously found that a lactic acid bacteria strain, <jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis<\/jats:italic> JCM 5805 (LC-Plasma), stimulated pDCs and prevented viral infection in mouse and human studies. Meanwhile, emulsifiers have recently been highlighted as candidate adjuvants for some viral vaccines and cancer immunotherapies. In this study, we discovered some specific emulsifiers, mainly consisting of sucrose fatty acid esters, that drastically enhance the potency of LC-Plasma to activate pDCs <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The emulsifiers promoted the efficient uptake of LC-Plasma by pDCs and the ratio of pDCs that took up LC-Plasma correlated with the activity of pDCs. In addition, an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> study showed that oral treatment with LC-Plasma mixed with an emulsifier induced a higher expression of genes related to anti-viral immunity in the lung compared to treatment with LC-Plasma alone. Both LC-Plasma and the emulsifiers used in this study have been confirmed to be safe for human use. Therefore, LC-Plasma mixed with an emulsifier might be a useful tool for certain anti-cancer and anti-viral therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21527-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T10:58:47Z","timestamp":1518433127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enhancement of immunomodulative effect of lactic acid bacteria on plasmacytoid dendritic cells with sucrose palmitate"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Masaya","family":"Kanayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Konoeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Kanauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"21527_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5421.1835","volume":"284","author":"FP Siegal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Siegal, F. 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