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However, the importance of the delivery mode in the first days of life remains unclear. Importantly, this stage is minimally affected by infant feeding. Here, we used a metagenomic sequencing technique to characterize the meconium microbiome from the feces of a Chinese cohort of vaginally and C-section-delivered infants, including <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization (IVF) newborns, during the first 24\u2009h after birth. Meconium microbiome diversity was higher in vaginally delivered infants than that in C-section-delivered infants. <jats:italic>Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic> species were most abundant in the vaginally delivered infants, whereas the C-section group had high levels of <jats:italic>Bacillus licheniformis<\/jats:italic>. The two IVF newborns delivered by C-section harbored microbial communities similar to the vaginal microbiome in terms of taxonomic composition. Metabolic functions of the C-section group suffered more from the influence of the dominant group (<jats:italic>B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>), whereas the vaginal group was more homogeneous, with a metabolism dominated by multi-microbes. Moreover, different modes of delivery affected the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) prevalence. These findings provide novel information for the development of strategies to guide a healthy mode of delivery and promote the formation of healthy microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21657-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T11:50:23Z","timestamp":1518522623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Initial meconium microbiome in Chinese neonates delivered naturally or by cesarean section"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yi-Chao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Rong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Zhou","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Hua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Sheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"21657_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152751","volume":"11","author":"X Cong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cong, X. et al. 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