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Our results show that T lymphocytes of BD patients, especially those treated with lithium, have reduced proliferation capacity compared to healthy people. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> studies showed that valproic acid reduces the number of cell divisions and percentages of proliferating cells regardless of health status but mainly in very high dose, while lithium has no significant influence on proliferation capacity of patients\u2019 T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes of BD patients are also more prone to apoptosis compared with healthy individuals which is related to high expression of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> lithium protected patients\u2019 lymphocytes from apoptosis proportionally to dose used. Valproic acid protected lymphocytes of patients from apoptosis mainly in therapeutic concentration. Our results show that mood stabilizers used to prevent relapses of the disease have anti-apoptotic effect on T lymphocytes of BD patients but they are not able to improve their proliferation capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21769-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T10:35:35Z","timestamp":1518604535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphocytes in patients with bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Pietruczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna A.","family":"Lisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Landowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek M.","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"21769_CR1","first-page":"99","volume":"40","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akiskal, H. 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