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We conducted a cohort study of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock evaluated within 24\u2009h and one year after ICU discharge. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were analyzed, and the following neuropsychological tests were applied: Consortium to Establish Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Trail Making Test forms A and B. We included 33 patients, mean age of 49, 19% were female. Patients underperformed on most measures 24\u2009h after ICU discharge, with improvement on follow-up. IQCODE, APACHE II scores, NSE and IFN-\u03b3 levels at ICU discharge were associated with poor cognitive performance, while higher educational level was associated with good cognitive performance. The time to first antibiotic dose, accumulated dose of haloperidol during UCI stay and mean glycemia were also associated with poor cognitive outcome. 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