{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:50:22Z","timestamp":1787003422347,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study, No.Ganpi4 of barley was steeped and malted to investigate the changes of phenolic compounds during malting process. The free phenolic extract from raw barley (FPEB) was analyzed by HPLC and predominant compounds were (+)-catechin, protocatechuate and quercetin. The FPEB was evaluated for hepatoprotective effect\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Intragastric administration of FPEB (100, 200 and 400\u2009mg\/kg\/bw) to mice significantly weakened the effects of hepatic damage induced by CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    toxicity on serum markers, including serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total-bilirubin, total cholesterol and total triglycerides. FPEB administration also increased the hepatic levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Histopathological examinations further confirmed that FPEB could protect the liver from CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -induced damage.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the experimental results demonstrated that FPEB could reduce BRL hepatocyte apoptosis and damage induced by CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    . These results suggest that FPEB exerts an effective protection for hepatic injury, and barley has the potential as a functional food to prevent hepatic injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22808-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T10:54:36Z","timestamp":1520420076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Chemical composition and hepatoprotective effect of free phenolic extract from barley during malting process"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Meiping","family":"Quan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengrui","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"22808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0155-6","volume":"31","author":"H Ishibashi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ishibashi, H., Nakamura, M., Komori, A., Migita, K. & Shimoda, S. Liver architecture, cell function, and disease. Semin. Immunopathol. 31, 399\u2013409 (2009).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"22808_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.03.061","volume":"136","author":"L Bhoopat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhoopat, L. et al. Hepatoprotective effects of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): A combination of antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities. J. Ethnopharmacol. 136, 55\u201366 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"22808_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8848","DOI":"10.1021\/jf101645n","volume":"58","author":"I Samojlik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samojlik, I., Lakic, N., Mimica, N., Dakovic, K. & Bozin, B. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and caraway (Carum carvi L.) (Apiaceae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 8848\u20138853 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4444","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8002174","volume":"56","author":"H Shimoda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shimoda, H. et al. Walnut polyphenols prevent liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride and D-galactosamine: Hepatoprotective hydrolyzable tannins in the kernel pellicles of walnut. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 4444\u20134449 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.02.036","volume":"23","author":"J Giacometti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giacometti, J., Muhvi\u0107, D., Pavleti\u0107, A. & \u00d0udari\u0107, L. Cocoa polyphenols exhibit antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancerogenic, and antinecrotic activity in carbon tetrachlorideintoxicated mice. J. Funct. Foods. 23, 177\u2013187 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"22808_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.01.032","volume":"22","author":"S Man","year":"2016","unstructured":"Man, S. et al. Chemical composition and hypoglycaemic effect of polyphenol extracts from Litchi chinensis seeds. J. Funct. Foods. 22, 313\u2013324 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"22808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.09.001","volume":"18","author":"T Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma, T. et al. Chemical composition and hepatoprotective effects of polyphenols extracted from the stems and leaves of Sphallerocarpus gracilis. J. Funct. Foods 18, 673\u2013683 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"22808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.04.011","volume":"31","author":"Y Kazuo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kazuo, Y., Motoki, T. & Yukio, Y. Dietary polyphenols regulate endothelial function and prevent cardiovascular disease. Nutrition 31, 28\u201337 (2015).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"22808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/1040869059096","volume":"45","author":"A Scalbert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., R\u00e9m\u00e9sy, C. & Jim\u00e9nez, L. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 45, 287\u2013306 (2005).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci."},{"key":"22808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070072a","volume":"55","author":"T Madhujith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Madhujith, T. & Shahidi, F. Antioxidative and antiproliferative properties of select barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars and their potential for inhibition of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 5018\u20135024 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1006\/fstl.1996.0035","volume":"29","author":"MN Maillard","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maillard, M. N., Soum, M. H. & Boivin, P. Antioxidant activity of barley and malt: relationship with phenolic content. Lebensm-wiss Technol. 29, 238\u2013244 (1996).","journal-title":"Lebensm-wiss Technol."},{"key":"22808_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.04.128","volume":"118","author":"QM Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang, Q. M., Pan, X. H. & Kong, W. B. Antioxidant activities of malt extract from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) toward various oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem. 118, 84\u201389 (2010).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2011.04.018","volume":"26","author":"M Alu\u2019datt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alu\u2019datt, M. et al. Effects of barley flour and barley protein isolate on chemical, functional, nutritional and biological properties of Pita bread. Food Hydrocolloids 26, 135\u2013143 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"22808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0527504","volume":"54","author":"T Madhujith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Madhujith, T., Izydorczyk, M. & Shahidi, F. Antioxidant properties of pearled barley fractions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 3283\u20133289 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.059","volume":"120","author":"P Sharma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharma, P. & Gujral, H. S. Antioxidant and polyphenol oxidase activity of germinated barley and its milling fractions. Food Chem. 120, 673\u2013678 (2010).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199909)79:12<1625::AID-JSFA411>3.0.CO;2-8","volume":"79","author":"P Goupy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goupy, P., Hugues, M. & Boivin, P. Antioxidant composition and activity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and malt extracts and of isolated phenolic compounds. J. Sci. Food Agr. 79, 1625\u20131634 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agr."},{"key":"22808_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010530u","volume":"49","author":"D Hernanz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hernanz, D. et al. Hydroxycinnamic acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers in barley and processed barley. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 4884\u20134888 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10994","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0722710","volume":"55","author":"J Lu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lu, J., Zhao, H. F. & Chen, J. Evolution of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during malting. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 10994\u201311001 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2137\/1239099041838049","volume":"13","author":"A Kaukovirta-Norja","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaukovirta-Norja, A., Wilhelmsson, A. & Poutanen, K. Germination: a means to improve the functionality of oats. Agric. Food Sci. 13, 100\u2013112 (2004).","journal-title":"Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"22808_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.11.156","volume":"152","author":"PJ C\u00e1ceres","year":"2014","unstructured":"C\u00e1ceres, P. J., Mart\u00ednez-Villaluenga, C., Amigo, L. & Fris, J. Maximising the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Ecuadorian brown rice sprouts through optimal germination conditions. Food Chem. 152, 407\u2013414 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.04.024","volume":"161","author":"H Ti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ti, H., Zhang, R., Zhang, M., Li, Q. & Wei, Z. Dynamic changes in the free and bound phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of brown rice at different germination stages. Food Chem. 161, 337\u2013344 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.05.058","volume":"135","author":"O Donkor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Donkor, O., Stojanovska, L., Ginn, P., Ashton, J. & Vasiljevic, T. Germinated grains-sources of bioactive compounds. Food Chem. 135, 950\u2013959 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2011.634378","volume":"3","author":"J Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Studies of the protective effect and antioxidant mechanism of blueberry anthocyanins in a CC14-induced liver injury model in mice. Food Agr. Immunol. 3, 352\u2013362 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Agr. Immunol."},{"key":"22808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.03.002","volume":"20","author":"CY Gao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao, C. Y., Tian, C. R., Zhou, R., Zhang, R. G. & Lu, Y. H. Phenolic composition, DNA damage protective activity and hepatoprotective effect of free phenolic extract from Sphallerocarpus gracilis seeds. Int. Immunopharmacol. 20, 238\u2013247 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"22808_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3008376","volume":"60","author":"LM Tian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tian, L. M. et al. Chemical composition and hepatoprotective effects of polyphenol rich extract from Houttuynia cordata Tea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60, 4641\u20134648 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0501847","volume":"53","author":"MH Dicko","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dicko, M. H., Gruppen, H., Traore, A. S., Van-Berkel, W. J. H. & Voragen, A. G. J. Evaluation of the effect of germination on phenolic compounds and antioxidant Activities in sorghum varieties. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 2581\u20132588 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(19990515)79:7<1003::AID-JSFA317>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"79","author":"T Beta","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beta, T., Rooney, L. W., Marovatsanga, L. T. & Taylor, J. R. N, Phenolic compounds and kernel characteristics of Zimbabwean sorghums. J. Agric. Food Chem. 79, 1003\u20131010 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6182","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0205099","volume":"50","author":"KK Adom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adom, K. K. & Liu, R. H. Antioxidant activity of grains. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 6182\u20136187 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10392","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902778j","volume":"57","author":"JG Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu, J. G., Tian, C. R., Hu, Q. P., Luo, J. Y. & Wang, X. D. Dynamic changes in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in oats (Avena nuda L.) during steeping and germination. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 10392\u201310398 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020312g","volume":"50","author":"HM Woffenden","year":"2002","unstructured":"Woffenden, H. M., Ames, J. M., Chandra, S., Anese, M. & Nicoli, M. C. Effect of kilning on the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of pale malts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 4925\u20134933 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103749r","volume":"59","author":"X Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, X., Dong, C. & Ren, G. Effect of soyasaponins-rich extract from soybean on acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 1138\u20131144 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.037","volume":"110","author":"N Ozsoy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ozsoy, N., Can, A. & Yanardag, R. Antioxidant activity of Smilax excelsa L. leaf extracts. Food Chem. 110, 571\u2013583 (2008).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.053","volume":"127","author":"CY Gao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gao, C. Y. et al. Main nutrients, phenolics, antioxidant activity, DNA damage protective effect and microstructure of Sphallerocarpus gracilis root at different harvest time. Food Chem. 127, 615\u2013622 (2011).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"14","key":"22808_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4581","volume":"18","author":"D Del Rio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Del Rio, D. et al. Dietary (poly) phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 18(14), 1818\u201392 (2013).","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox. Signal."},{"key":"22808_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.03.029","volume":"159","author":"H Ti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ti, H., Li, Q., Zhang, R., Deng, Y. & Wei, Z. Free and bound phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of milled fractions of different indica rice varieties cultivated in southern China. Food Chem. 159, 166\u2013174 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"22808_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7270","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060808o","volume":"54","author":"B Payet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Payet, B., Cheong, A. S. & Smadja, J. Comparison of the concentrations of phenolic constituents in cane sugar manufacturing products with their antioxidant activities. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 7270\u20137276 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-22808-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-22808-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-22808-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T22:23:08Z","timestamp":1671574988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-22808-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-22808-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 September 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"4460"}}