{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:27:57Z","timestamp":1790360877684,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The bone-beds of the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group in Zhucheng, Shandong, China are rich in fossil remains of the gigantic hadrosaurid <jats:italic>Shantungosaurus<\/jats:italic>. Here we report a new oviraptorosaur, <jats:italic>Anomalipes zhaoi<\/jats:italic> gen. et sp. nov., based on a recently collected specimen comprising a partial left hindlimb from the Kugou Locality in Zhucheng. This specimen\u2019s systematic position was assessed by three numerical cladistic analyses based on recently published theropod phylogenetic datasets, with the inclusion of several new characters. <jats:italic>Anomalipes zhaoi<\/jats:italic> differs from other known caenagnathids in having a unique combination of features: femoral head anteroposteriorly narrow and with significant posterior orientation; accessory trochanter low and confluent with lesser trochanter; lateral ridge present on femoral lateral surface; weak fourth trochanter present; metatarsal III with triangular proximal articular surface, prominent anterior flange near proximal end, highly asymmetrical hemicondyles, and longitudinal groove on distal articular surface; and ungual of pedal digit II with lateral collateral groove deeper and more dorsally located than medial groove. The holotype of <jats:italic>Anomalipes zhaoi<\/jats:italic> is smaller than is typical for Caenagnathidae but larger than is typical for the other major oviraptorosaurian subclade, Oviraptoridae. Size comparisons among oviraptorisaurians show that the Caenagnathidae vary much more widely in size than the Oviraptoridae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23252-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T01:15:27Z","timestamp":1522286127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A new caenagnathid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group of Shandong, China, with comments on size variation among oviraptorosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yilun","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kebai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corwin","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4076-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"23252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0125843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125843","volume":"10","author":"MC Lamanna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lamanna, M. C., Sues, H. D. & Schachner, E. R. A new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of western North America. Plos One 10, e0125843 (2014).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"23252_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2014.12.002","volume":"54","author":"GF Funston","year":"2015","unstructured":"Funston, G. F., Persons, I. W. S., Bradley, G. J. & Currie, P. J. New material of the large-bodied caenagnathid Caenagnathus collinsi from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Cretaceous Research 54, 179\u2013187 (2015).","journal-title":"Cretaceous Research"},{"key":"23252_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1139\/e88-097","volume":"25","author":"PJ Currie","year":"1998","unstructured":"Currie, P. J. & Russell, D. A. Osteology and relationships of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, 972\u2013986 (1998).","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"key":"23252_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1160910","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2016.1160910","volume":"36","author":"GF Funston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Funston, G. F. & Currie, P. J. A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36, e1160910 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"23252_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"3240","author":"PJ Makovicky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Makovicky, P. J. & Sues, H.-D. Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Montanta. American Museum Novitates 3240, 1\u201327 (1998).","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"23252_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2014.12.001","volume":"54","author":"HD Sues","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sues, H. D. & Averianov, A. New material of Caenagnathasia martinsoni (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan. Cretaceous Research 54, 50\u201359 (2015).","journal-title":"Cretaceous Research"},{"key":"23252_CR7","first-page":"79","volume":"42","author":"H Osm\u00f3lska","year":"1981","unstructured":"Osm\u00f3lska, H. Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins. Palaeontologia Polonica 42, 79\u201395 (1981).","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Polonica"},{"key":"23252_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05849","volume":"447","author":"X Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu, X., Tan, Q.-W., Wang, J.-M., Zhao, X.-J. & Tan, L. A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of China. Nature 447, 844\u2013847 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"23252_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13835","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013835","volume":"5","author":"X Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu, X., Wang, K., Zhao, X., Sullivan, C. & Chen, S. A New Leptoceratopsid (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong, China and Its Implications for Neoceratopsian Evolution. Plos One 5, e13835 (2010).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"23252_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-009-3614-5","volume":"55","author":"X Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu, X., Wang, K.-B., Zhao, X.-J. & Li, D.-J. First ceratopsid dinosaur from China and its biogeographical implications. Chinese Science Bulletin 55, 1631\u20131635 (2010).","journal-title":"Chinese Science Bulletin"},{"key":"23252_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144148","volume":"12","author":"Y He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He, Y. et al. A New Leptoceratopsid (Ornithischia, Ceratopsia) with a Unique Ischium from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong Province, China. PLoS ONE 12, e0144148 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"23252_CR12","first-page":"1671","volume":"30","author":"XJ Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao, X. J., Wang, K. B. & Li, D. J. Huaxiaosaurus aigahtens. Geological Bulletin of China 30, 1671\u20131688 (2011).","journal-title":"Geological Bulletin of China"},{"key":"23252_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2011.03.005","volume":"32","author":"DWE Hone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hone, D. W. E. et al. A new, large tyrannosaurine theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research 32, 495\u2013503 (2011).","journal-title":"Cretaceous Research"},{"key":"23252_CR14","unstructured":"Hu, C.-Z., Cheng, Z.-W., Pang, Q.-Q. & Fang, X.-S. Shantungosaurus giganteus. (Geological Publishing House, 2001)."},{"key":"23252_CR15","first-page":"97","volume":"45","author":"R Barsbold","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barsbold, R., Osmolska, H., Watabe, M., Currie, P. J. & Tsogtbaatar, K. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia: the first dinosaur with a pygostyle. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45, 97\u2013106 (2000).","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontologica Polonica"},{"key":"23252_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1139\/e89-111","volume":"26","author":"PJ Currie","year":"1988","unstructured":"Currie, P. J. The first records of Elmisaurus (Saurischia, Theropoda) from North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, 1319\u20131324 (1988).","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"key":"23252_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/803.1","volume":"372","author":"AM Balanoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balanoff, A. M. & Norell, M. A. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 372, 1\u201377 (2012).","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"23252_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080557","volume":"8","author":"J L\u00fc","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00fc, J., Yi, L., Zhong, H. & Wei, X. A New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleoecological Implications. Plos One 8, e80557 (2013).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"23252_CR19","first-page":"28","volume":"15","author":"R Barsbold","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barsbold, R. Toothless carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia. Trudy Sovm Sov Mong Paleont Eksped 15, 28\u201339 (1981).","journal-title":"Trudy Sovm Sov Mong Paleont Eksped"},{"key":"23252_CR20","first-page":"85","volume":"51","author":"XU Xing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xing, X. U. & Corwin, M. A. A new oviraptorid from the Upper Cretaceous of Nei Mongol, China, and its stratigraphic implications. Vertebrata Palasiatica 51, 85\u2013101 (2013).","journal-title":"Vertebrata Palasiatica"},{"key":"23252_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"CM Kurzanov","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kurzanov, C. M. Avimimids and the problem of the origin of birds. Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transactions 31, 1\u201392 (1978).","journal-title":"Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transactions"},{"key":"23252_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, J. M., Maryanska, T. & Barsbold, R. In The dinosauria (second eidtion) (eds D. B., Weishampel, P., Dodson, & H., Osmolska) 151\u2013164 (Univeristy of California Press, 2004).","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0009"},{"key":"23252_CR23","unstructured":"Chiappe, L. M., Norell, M. A. & Clark, J. M. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarezsauridae: Mononykus and its kin. Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs, 87\u2013120 (2002)."},{"key":"23252_CR24","first-page":"241","volume":"38","author":"ZH Zhou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. H., Wang, X. L., Zhang, F. C. & Xu, X. Important features of Caudipteryx\u2014Evidence from two nearly complete new specimens. Vertebrata Pal Asiatica 38, 241\u2013254 (2000).","journal-title":"Vertebrata Pal Asiatica"},{"key":"23252_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, X., Tan, Q.-W., Sullivan, C., Han, F. L. & Xiao, D. A short-armed troodontid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia and its implications for troodontid evolution. PLoS ONE 6, 1\u201312, e22916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0022916 (2011).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022916"},{"key":"23252_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24487","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024487","volume":"6","author":"LE Zanno","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zanno, L. E., Varricchio, D. J., O\u2019Connor, P. M., Titus, A. L. & Knell, M. J. A new troodontid theropod, Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America. PLoS ONE 6, e24487, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0024487 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"23252_CR27","unstructured":"Depalma, R. A., Burnham, D. A., Martin, L. D., Larson, P. L. & Bakker, R. T. The First Giant Raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation (2015)."},{"key":"23252_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"3282","author":"MA Norell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates 3282, 1\u201345 (1999).","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"23252_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/3722.2","volume":"3722","author":"AH Turner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turner, A. H., Pol, D. & Norell, M. A. Anatomy of Mahakala omnogovae (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae), T\u00f6gr\u00f6giin Shiree, Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3722, 1\u201366 (2016).","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"23252_CR30","first-page":"159","volume":"61","author":"GF Funston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Funston, G. F., Currie, P. J. & Burns, M. E. New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 61, 159\u2013173 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"23252_CR31","first-page":"143","volume":"61","author":"PJ Currie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Currie, P. J., Funston, G. F. & Osm\u00d3lska, H. New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 61, 143\u2013157 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"23252_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.034","volume":"24","author":"SL Brusatte","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brusatte, S. L., Lloyd, G. T., Wang, S. C. & Norell, M. A. Gradual assembly of avian body plan culminated in rapid rates of evolution across the dinosaur-bird transition. Current Biology 24, 2386\u20132392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.034. (2014).","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"23252_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/20670","volume":"399","author":"X Xu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Xu, X., Tang, Amp, Z. L. & Wang, X. L. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China. Nature 399, 350\u2013354 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"23252_CR34","first-page":"228","volume":"40","author":"X Xu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. A new therizinosauroid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol. Vertebrata Pal Asiatica 40, 228\u2013240 (2002).","journal-title":"Vertebrata Pal Asiatica"},{"key":"23252_CR35","first-page":"282","volume":"39","author":"X Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. A long-necked therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol, People^s Republic of China. Vertebrata Pal Asiatica 39, 282\u2013290 (2001).","journal-title":"Vertebrata Pal Asiatica"},{"key":"23252_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/648.1","volume":"3654","author":"MA Norell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Norell, M. A. et al. A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda). American Museum Novitates 3654, 1\u201363 (2009).","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"23252_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1139\/e93-193","volume":"30","author":"P Currie","year":"1993","unstructured":"Currie, P. & Peng, J. H. A juvenile specimen of Saurornithoides mongoliensis from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 2224\u20132230 (1993).","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"key":"23252_CR38","first-page":"140","volume":"50","author":"X Xu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. The taxonomy of the troodontid IVPP V10597 reconsidered. Vertebrata Pal Asiatica 50, 140\u2013150 (2012).","journal-title":"Vertebrata Pal Asiatica"},{"key":"23252_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"3105","author":"A Perle","year":"1994","unstructured":"Perle, A., Chiappe, L. M., Barsbold, R., Clark, J. M. & Norell, M. A. Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda: Avialae) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3105, 1\u201329 (1994).","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"23252_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2413.1.1","volume":"2413","author":"X Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. A basal parvicursorine (Theropoda: Alvarezsauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 2413, 1\u201319 (2010).","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"23252_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1994.10011523","volume":"13","author":"FE Novas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Novas, F. E. New information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic) of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13, 400\u2013423 (1993).","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"23252_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tykoski, R. S. & Rowe, T. In The Dinosauria (second edition) (eds D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, & H. Osmolska) 47\u201370 (University of Californai Press, 2004).","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0005"},{"key":"23252_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2013.861830","volume":"27","author":"JI Canale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canale, J. I., Novas, F. E. N. & Pol, D. Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tyrannotitan chubutensis Novas, de Valais, Vickers-Rich and Rich, 2005 (Theropoda: Carcharodontosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Historical Biology 27, 1\u201332 (2015).","journal-title":"Historical Biology"},{"key":"23252_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtz, T. R. J., Molnar, R. E. & Currie, P. J. In The Dinosauria (second edition) (eds D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, & H. Osmolska) 71\u2013110 (University of California Press, 2004).","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0006"},{"key":"23252_CR45","unstructured":"Madsen, J. H. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology (1976)."},{"key":"23252_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0249","volume":"277","author":"D Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, D., Norell, M. A., Gao, K. Q., Smith, N. D. & Makovicky, P. J. A longirostrine tyrannosauroid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 277, 183 (2010).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences"},{"key":"23252_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/3717.2","volume":"8","author":"SL Brusatte","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brusatte, S. L., Benson, R. B. J. & Norell, M. A. The Anatomy of Dryptosaurus aquilunguis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and a Review of Its Tyrannosauroid Affinities. American Museum Novitates 8, 1\u201353 (2011).","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"23252_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/770.1","volume":"366","author":"SL Brusatte","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brusatte, S. L., Carr, T. D. & Norell, M. A. The Osteology of Alioramus, A Gracile and Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 366, 1\u2013197 (2012).","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"23252_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3889334","volume":"7","author":"CA Brochu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brochu, C. A. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7, 1\u2013138 (2003).","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir"},{"key":"23252_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0236","volume":"277","author":"PJ Makovicky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Makovicky, P. J. et al. A giant ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277, 191\u2013198, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2009.0236 (2009).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"23252_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1990.10011811","volume":"10","author":"D Smith","year":"1990","unstructured":"Smith, D., Galton, P., Smith, D. K. & Galton, P. M. Osteology of Archaeornithomimus asiaticus (Upper Cretaceous, Iren Dabasu Formation, People\u2019s Republic of China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10, 255\u2013265 (1990).","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"23252_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makovicky, P. J., Kobayashi, Y. & Currie, P. J. In The Dinosauria (second edition) (eds D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, & H. Osmolska) 137\u2013150 (University of California Press, 2004).","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0008"},{"key":"23252_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osm\u00f3lska, H., Currie, P. J. & Barsbold, R. In The Dinosauria 2nd edn (eds D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, & H. Osm\u00f3lska) 165\u2013183 (University of California Press, 2004).","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520242098.003.0010"},{"key":"23252_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2002)381<0001:NSOMZT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"3381","author":"SH Hwang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hwang, S. H., Norell, M. A., Ji, Q. & Gao, K. New specimens of Microraptor zhaoianus (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from northeastern China. American Museum Novitates 3381, 1\u201344 (2002).","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"23252_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/748.1","volume":"371","author":"AH Turner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J. & Norell, M. A. A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 371, 1\u2013206 (2012).","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"23252_CR56","first-page":"1","volume":"69","author":"OWM Rauhut","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rauhut, O. W. M. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Palaeontology 69, 1\u2013215 (2003).","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"23252_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zanno, L. E. & Makovicky, P. J. No evidence for directional evolution of body mass in herbivorous theropod dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2012.2526 (2013).","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2526"},{"key":"23252_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2004.00870.x","volume":"18","author":"DW Hone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hone, D. W., Keesey, T. M., Pisani, D. & Purvis, A. Macroevolutionary trends in the Dinosauria: Cope\u2019s rule. J Evol Biol 18, 587\u2013595, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2004.00870.x (2005).","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"23252_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001853","volume":"12","author":"RB Benson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benson, R. B. et al. Rates of dinosaur body mass evolution indicate 170 million years of sustained ecological innovation on the avian stem lineage. PLoS Biol 12, e1001853, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001853 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"23252_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12329","volume":"61","author":"RBJ Benson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benson, R. B. J., Hunt, G., Carrano, M. T. & Campione, N. Cope\u2019s rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution. Palaeontology 61, 13\u201348, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pala.12329 (2017).","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"23252_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2441","volume":"279","author":"RB Sookias","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sookias, R. B., Butler, R. J. & Benson, R. B. J. Rise of dinosaurs reveals major body-size transitions driven by passive processes of trait evolution. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 2180\u20132187, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2011.2441) (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"23252_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252243","volume":"345","author":"MSY Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, M. S. Y., Cau, A., Naish, D. & Dyke, G. Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds. Science 345, 562\u2013566 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"23252_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144066","volume":"317","author":"AH Turner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Turner, A. H., Pol, D., Clarke, J. A., Erickson, G. M. & Norell, M. A. A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science 317, 1378\u20131381 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"23252_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/415780a","volume":"415","author":"X Xu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xu, X., Norell, M. A., Wang, X. L., Makovicky, P. J. & Wu, X. C. A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 415, 780\u2013784 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"23252_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/08912960412331284313","volume":"16","author":"P Christiansen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Christiansen, P. & Farin, R. A. Mass Prediction in Theropod Dinosaurs. Historical Biology An International Journal of Paleobiology 16, 85\u201392 (2004).","journal-title":"Historical Biology An International Journal of Paleobiology"},{"key":"23252_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12226","volume":"5","author":"NE Campione","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campione, N. E., Evans, D. C., Brown, C. M. & Carrano, M. T. Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadrupedal stylopodial proportions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5, 913\u2013923 (2014).","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-23252-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-23252-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-23252-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T03:46:09Z","timestamp":1671594369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-23252-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-23252-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"5030"}}