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Strong selection, consequent to widespread antimalarial drug usage, occasionally elicits a rapid expansion of drug-resistant isolates, which can act as founders. To investigate whether this phenomenon induces a loss of within-population genetic variation, we performed a population genetic analysis on 302\u2009<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>cases detected during two cross-sectional surveys in 2002\/2003, just after the official introduction of sulphadoxine\/pyrimethamine as a first-line treatment, and again in 2010\/2011, in highly endemic areas in Papua New Guinea. We found that a single-origin sulphadoxine-resistant parasite isolate rapidly increased from 0% in 2002\/2003 to 54% in 2010 and 84% in 2011. However, a considerable number of pairs exhibited random associations among 10 neutral microsatellite markers located in various chromosomes, suggesting that outcrossing effectively reduced non-random associations, albeit at a low average multiplicity of infection (1.35\u20131.52). Within-population genetic diversity was maintained throughout the study period. This indicates that the parasites maintained within-population variation, even after a clonal expansion of drug-resistant parasites. Outcrossing played a role in the preservation of within-population genetic diversity despite low levels of multiplicity of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23811-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T02:20:59Z","timestamp":1522290059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Rapid selection of sulphadoxine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and its effect on within-population genetic diversity in Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Mita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Hombhanje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Sekihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"23811_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01236.x","volume":"17","author":"DH Reed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reed, D. 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