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Thus, this study aims to determine the effect of <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic> stimulation in cytokine release and gene expression profile in MD. Patients with MD showed higher basal\u00a0levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-1RA, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 when compared to healthy controls. We observed that IL-1\u03b2 levels had a bimodal distribution suggesting two different subgroups of patients, with low and high basal levels of cytokines. Gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed significant differences in patients with high and low basal levels of IL-1\u03b2. We found that both mold extracts triggered a significant release of TNF-\u03b1 in MD patients, which were not found in controls. Moreover, after mold stimulation, MD patients showed a different gene expression profile in PBMC, according to the basal levels of IL-1\u03b2. The results indicate that a subset of MD patients have higher basal levels of proinflammatory cytokines and the exposure to <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic> extracts may trigger additional TNF-\u03b1 release and contribute to exacerbate inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23911-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]],"date-time":"2018-04-11T14:42:44Z","timestamp":1523457764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Proinflammatory cytokines and response to molds in mononuclear cells of patients with Meniere disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6104-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Frejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Gallego-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8355-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Martin-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Amor-Dorado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Soto-Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Santos-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8436-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Espinosa-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Batuecas-Caletrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"Aran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Fraile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Rossi-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-1430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Antonio","family":"Lopez-Escamez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"23911_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/ves-150549","volume":"25","author":"JA Lopez-Escamez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopez-Escamez, J. 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