{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:03:24Z","timestamp":1783094604606,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In temperate climates, transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) is detectable rarely during the coldest months (late fall through early spring), yet the virus has reappeared consistently during the next warm season. Several mechanisms may contribute to WNV persistence through winter, including bird-to-bird transmission among highly viremic species. Here we consider whether, under realistic scenarios supported by field and laboratory evidence, a winter bird community could sustain WNV through the winter in the absence of mosquitoes. With this purpose we constructed a deterministic model for a community of susceptible birds consisting of communally roosting crows, raptors and other birds. We simulated WNV introduction and subsequent transmission dynamics during the winter under realistic initial conditions and model parameterizations, including plausible contact rates for roosting crows. Model results were used to determine whether the bird community could yield realistic outbreaks that would result in WNV infectious individuals at the end of the winter, which would set up the potential for onward horizontal transmission into summer. Our findings strongly suggest that winter crow roosts could allow for WNV persistence through the winter, and our model results provide synthesis to explain inconclusive results from field studies on WNV overwintering in crow roosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24133-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]],"date-time":"2018-04-11T09:40:06Z","timestamp":1523439606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Overwintering of West Nile virus in a bird community with a communal crow roost"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5009-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Montecino-Latorre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"24133_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","volume":"286","author":"RS Lanciotti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lanciotti, R. S. et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286, 2333\u20132337 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"24133_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.040077","volume":"10","author":"W Reisen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reisen, W. et al. West Nile virus in California. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1369\u20131378 (2004).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.051004","volume":"12","author":"G Molaei","year":"2006","unstructured":"Molaei, G., Andreadis, T. G., Armstrong, P. M., Anderson, J. F. & Vossbrinck, C. R. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12, 468\u2013474 (2006).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00368-7","volume":"2","author":"GL Campbell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell, G. L., Marfin, A. A., Lanciotti, R. S. & Gubler, D. J. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 519\u2013529 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.030277","volume":"9","author":"PP Marra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marra, P. P., Griffing, S. M. & McLean, R. G. West Nile virus and wildlife health. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 898\u2013899 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040364","volume":"11","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, A. M. et al. West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 425\u2013429 (2005).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3575","volume":"273","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, A. M., Daszak, P., Jones, M. J., Marra, P. P. & Kramer, L. D. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273, 2327\u20132333 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"24133_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0392","volume":"83","author":"G Molaei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Molaei, G. et al. Vector-host interactions governing epidemiology of West Nile virus in Southern California. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 1269\u20131282 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.1.125","volume":"45","author":"GL Hamer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamer, G. L. et al. Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae): a bridge vector of West Nile virus to humans. J. Med. Entomol. 45, 125\u2013128 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1282","volume":"279","author":"JE Simpson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simpson, J. E. et al. Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system. Proc. Biol. Sci. 279, 925\u2013933 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"24133_CR11","unstructured":"Center For Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus. West Nile virus - Center for Disease Control and Prevention Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/westnile\/index.html. (Accessed: 13th August 2017) (2015)."},{"key":"24133_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048261","volume":"351","author":"LR Petersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petersen, L. R. & Hayes, E. B. Westward ho?\u2014The spread of West Nile virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 2257\u20132259 (2004).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"24133_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.309","volume":"43","author":"WK Reisen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reisen, W. K., Fang, Y. & Martinez, V. M. Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 43, 309\u2013317 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0342","volume":"86","author":"DM Hartley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hartley, D. M. et al. Effects of temperature on emergence and seasonality of West Nile virus in California. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86, 884\u2013894 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-19","volume":"3","author":"MO Ruiz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruiz, M. O. et al. Local impact of temperature and precipitation on West Nile virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in northeast Illinois, USA. Parasit. Vectors 3, 19 (2010).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"24133_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000092","volume":"4","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, A. M., Meola, M. A., Moudy, R. M. & Kramer, L. D. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000092 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"24133_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13003","volume":"51","author":"AT Ciota","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ciota, A. T., Matacchiero, A. C., Kilpatrick, A. M. & Kramer, L. D. The effect of temperature on life history traits of Culex mosquitoes. J. Med. Entomol. 51, 55\u201362 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.5.636","volume":"32","author":"WK Reisen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reisen, W. K. Effect of temperature on Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Coachella and San Joaquin Valleys of California. J. Med. Entomol. 32, 636\u2013645 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12280","volume":"50","author":"BM Nelms","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelms, B. M., Macedo, P. A., Kothera, L., Savage, H. M. & Reisen, W. K. Overwintering biology of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in the Sacramento Valley of California. J. Med. Entomol. 50, 773\u2013790 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0219","volume":"89","author":"BM Nelms","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelms, B. M. et al. Phenotypic variation among Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from the Sacramento Valley, California: Horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus, diapause potential, autogeny, and host selection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89, 1168\u20131178 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR21","first-page":"905","volume":"66","author":"A Spielman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Spielman, A. & Wong, J. Environmental control of ovarian diapause in Culex pipiens. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66, 905\u2013907 (1973).","journal-title":"Soc. Am."},{"key":"24133_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011613-162023","volume":"59","author":"DL Denlinger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Denlinger, D. L. & Armbruster, P. A. Mosquito diapause. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 73\u201393 (2014).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1968.17.133","volume":"17","author":"BF Eldridge","year":"1968","unstructured":"Eldridge, B. F. The effect of temperature and photoperiod on blood-feeding and ovarian development in mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 17, 133\u2013140 (1968).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/56.3.314","volume":"56","author":"RE Bellamy","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bellamy, R. E. & Reeves, W. C. The winter biology of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kern County, California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 56, 314\u2013323 (1963).","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"24133_CR25","unstructured":"Reeves, W. C. & Others. Overwintering of arboviruses. Epidemiology and control of mosquito-borne arboviruses in California 1943\u20131987, 357\u2013382 (1990)."},{"key":"24133_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.640","volume":"39","author":"DJ Dohm","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dohm, D. J., Sardelis, M. R. & Turell, M. J. Experimental vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 39, 640\u2013644 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.344","volume":"43","author":"WK Reisen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reisen, W. K. et al. Overwintering of West Nile virus in Southern California. J. Med. Entomol. 43, 344\u2013355 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017426","volume":"7","author":"RS Nasci","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nasci, R. S. et al. West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7, 742\u2013744 (2001).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv040","volume":"52","author":"MG Hinton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinton, M. G., Reisen, W. K., Wheeler, S. S. & Townsend, A. K. West Nile virus activity in a winter roost of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos): is bird-to-bird transmission important in persistence and amplification? J. Med. Entomol. 52, 683\u2013692 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.6.743","volume":"40","author":"LB Goddard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goddard, L. B., Roth, A. E., Reisen, W. K. & Scott, T. W. Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by three California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species. J. Med. Entomol. 40, 743\u2013746 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2012.00248.x","volume":"37","author":"E Fechter-Leggett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fechter-Leggett, E., Nelms, B. M., Barker, C. M. & Reisen, W. K. West Nile virus cluster analysis and vertical transmission in Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in Sacramento and Yolo Counties, California, 2011. J. Vector Ecol. 37, 442\u2013449 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"24133_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1086\/508754","volume":"194","author":"JF Anderson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anderson, J. F. & Main, A. J. Importance of vertical and horizontal transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens in the Northeastern United States. J. Infect. Dis. 194, 1577\u20131579 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12264","volume":"50","author":"BM Nelms","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelms, B. M. et al. Experimental and natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus by California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. J. Med. Entomol. 50, 371\u2013378 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"24133_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1097","volume":"13","author":"WK Reisen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reisen, W. K. et al. Chronic infections of West Nile virus detected in California dead birds. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13, 401\u2013405 (2013).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garmendia, A. E. & Van Kruiningen, H. J. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. Journal of Clinical (2000).","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.3110-3111.2000"},{"key":"24133_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945031000154080","volume":"32","author":"C Banet-Noach","year":"2003","unstructured":"Banet-Noach, C., Simanov, L. & Malkinson, M. Direct (non-vector) transmission of West Nile virus in geese. Avian Pathol. 32, 489\u2013494 (2003).","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"24133_CR37","first-page":"117","volume":"45","author":"RJ Austin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Austin, R. J., Whiting, T. L., Anderson, R. A. & Drebot, M. A. An outbreak of West Nile virus-associated disease in domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) upon initial introduction to a geographic region, with evidence of bird to bird transmission. Can. Vet. J. 45, 117\u2013123 (2004).","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"24133_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ip, H. S. et al. West nile virus transmission in winter: the 2013 Great Salt Lake bald eagle and eared grebes mortality event. PLoS Curr. 6 (2014).","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.b0f031fc8db2a827d9da0f30f0766871"},{"key":"24133_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020628","volume":"9","author":"N Komar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Komar, N. et al. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 311\u2013322 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02684.x","volume":"951","author":"RG McLean","year":"2001","unstructured":"McLean, R. G. et al. West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 951, 54\u201357 (2001).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"24133_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0369-x","volume":"154","author":"N Nemeth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nemeth, N. et al. Persistent West Nile virus infection in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Arch. Virol. 154, 783\u2013789 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"24133_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1860","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001860","volume":"6","author":"SS Wheeler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wheeler, S. S., Vineyard, M. P., Woods, L. W. & Reisen, W. K. Dynamics of West Nile virus persistence in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, e1860 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.240","volume":"62","author":"BR Miller","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miller, B. R. et al. First field evidence for natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus in Culex univittatus complex mosquitoes from Rift Valley Province, Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62, 240\u2013246 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0654","volume":"87","author":"SS Wheeler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wheeler, S. S. et al. Detection of persistent West Nile virus RNA in experimentally and naturally infected avian hosts. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87, 559\u2013564 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR45","unstructured":"McLean, R. G. West Nile Virus: Impact on crow populations in the United States. In 21st Vertebrate Pest Conference (eds. Timm, R. M. & Gorenzel, W. P.) 180\u2013184 (University of California-Davis, 2004)."},{"key":"24133_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040486","volume":"10","author":"AC Brault","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brault, A. C. et al. Differential virulence of West Nile strains for American crows. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 2161\u20132168 (2004).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1637\/8468-091208-ResNote.1","volume":"53","author":"LM Reed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reed, L. M. et al. Declining mortality in American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) following natural West Nile virus infection. Avian Dis. 53, 458\u2013461 (2009).","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030499","volume":"10","author":"SA Yaremych","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yaremych, S. A. et al. West Nile virus and high death rate in American crows. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 709\u2013711 (2004).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1956.5.579","volume":"5","author":"RM Taylor","year":"1956","unstructured":"Taylor, R. M., Work, T. H., Hurlbut, H. S. & Rizk, F. A study of the ecology of West Nile virus in Egypt. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5, 579\u2013620 (1956).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.688","volume":"75","author":"AM Kipp","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kipp, A. M. et al. West Nile virus quantification in feces of experimentally infected American and fish crows. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 688\u2013690 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811398249","volume":"48","author":"NM Nemeth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nemeth, N. M. et al. Clinical and pathologic responses of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (C. ossifragus) to experimental West Nile virus infection. Vet. Pathol. 48, 1061\u20131074 (2011).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"24133_CR52","first-page":"870","volume":"31","author":"C Caffrey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caffrey, C., Weston, T. J. & Shauna, C. R. Smith. High mortality among marked crows subsequent to the arrival of West Nile virus. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 31, 870\u2013872 (2003).","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"24133_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2307\/4089282","volume":"114","author":"DF Caccamise","year":"1997","unstructured":"Caccamise, D. F. & Reed, L. M. Jerzy Romanowski & Stouffer, P. C. Roosting behavior and group territoriality in American crows. Auk 114, 628\u2013637 (1997).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"24133_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2307\/3801939","volume":"59","author":"WP Gorenzel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gorenzel, W. P. & Salmon, T. P. Characteristics of American crow urban roosts in California. J. Wildl. Manage. 59, 638\u2013645 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"24133_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.030102.151725","volume":"34","author":"S Altizer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Altizer, S. et al. Social organization and parasite risk in mammals: integrating theory and empirical studies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34, 517\u2013547 (2003).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"24133_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross, P. C. et al. Wildlife population structure and parasite transmission: implications for disease management. In Management of Disease in Wild Mammals 9\u201329 (Springer Japan, 2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-77134-0_2"},{"key":"24133_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.070413","volume":"13","author":"JR Dawson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dawson, J. R. et al. Crow deaths caused by West Nile virus during winter. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13, 1912\u20131914 (2007).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR58","unstructured":"Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. The Birds of North America Online. The birds of North America online (2015)."},{"key":"24133_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.1.1","volume":"42","author":"N Nemeth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nemeth, N., Gould, D., Bowen, R. & Komar, N. Natural and experimental West Nile virus infection in five raptor species. J. Wildl. Dis. 42, 1\u201313 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemeth, N. M. et al. Clinical evaluation and outcomes of naturally acquired West Nile virus infection in raptors.\u00a0J. Zoo Wildl. Med.\u00a040, 51\u201363 (2009).","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0109.1"},{"key":"24133_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0109.1","volume":"40","author":"NM Nemeth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Madge, S.\u00a0Crows and jays. (A&C Black, 2010).","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"24133_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7177(01)00104-2","volume":"34","author":"L Han","year":"2001","unstructured":"Han, L., Ma, Z. & Hethcote, H. W. Four predator prey models with infectious diseases. Math. Comput. Model. 34, 849\u2013858 (2001).","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"24133_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.41-4-362","volume":"41","author":"HM Weingartl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weingartl, H. M., Neufeld, J. L., Copps, J. & Marszal, P. Experimental West Nile virus infection in blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Vet. Pathol. 41, 362\u2013370 (2004).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"24133_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.864","volume":"80","author":"NM Nemeth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nemeth, N. M., Oesterle, P. T. & Bowen, R. A. Humoral immunity to West Nile virus is long-lasting and protective in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80, 864\u2013869 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2007)051[0125:WNVAPI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"BR Wilcox","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilcox, B. R., Yabsley, M. J., Ellis, A. E., Stallknecht, D. E. & Gibbs, S. E. J. West Nile virus antibody prevalence in American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) in Georgia, USA. Avian Dis. 51, 125\u2013128 (2007).","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.1.92","volume":"42","author":"MR Ward","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ward, M. R., Stallknecht, D. E., Willis, J., Conroy, M. J. & Davidson, W. R. Wild bird mortality and West Nile virus surveillance: biases associated with detection, reporting, and carcass persistence. J. Wildl. Dis. 42, 92\u2013106 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1674\/0003-0031(2000)143[0041:BMAWWT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"143","author":"RG Osborn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Osborn, R. G., Higgins, K. F., Usgaard, R. E., Dieter, C. D. & Neiger, R. D. Bird mortality asssociated with wind turbines at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota. Am. Midl. Nat. 143, 41\u201352 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"24133_CR68","first-page":"2135","volume":"10","author":"AY Gancz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gancz, A. Y. et al. West Nile virus outbreak in North American owls, Ontario, 2002. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 2135\u20132142 (2004).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.040394","volume":"11","author":"NA Panella","year":"2005","unstructured":"Panella, N. A. et al. Rapid West Nile virus antigen detection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 1633\u20131635 (2005).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802007148","volume":"129","author":"M Begon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Begon, M. et al. A clarification of transmission terms in host-microparasite models: numbers, densities and areas. Epidemiol. Infect. 129, 147\u2013153 (2002).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"24133_CR71","unstructured":"Carnell, R., Carnell, M. R. & R Unit, S. Package \u2018lhs\u2019. (2016)."},{"key":"24133_CR72","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria; 2017. http:\/\/www.R-project.org (2017)."},{"key":"24133_CR73","unstructured":"Matala, A. Sample size requirement for Monte Carlo simulations using Latin hypercube sampling. (Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Systems AnalysisLaboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, 2008)."},{"key":"24133_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05829","volume":"447","author":"SL LaDeau","year":"2007","unstructured":"LaDeau, S. L., Kilpatrick, A. M. & Marra, P. P. West Nile virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations. Nature 447, 710\u2013713 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"24133_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1137\/140966642","volume":"75","author":"NK Vaidya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vaidya, N. K. & Wahl, L. M. Avian influenza dynamics under periodic environmental conditions. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 75, 443\u2013467 (2015).","journal-title":"SIAM J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"24133_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01912-08","volume":"75","author":"T van Gerwe","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Gerwe, T. et al. Quantifying transmission of Campylobacter jejuni in commercial broiler flocks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 625\u2013628 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"24133_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.04.011","volume":"254","author":"S Marino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marino, S., Hogue, I. B., Ray, C. J. & Kirschner, D. E. A methodology for performing global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in systems biology. J. Theor. Biol. 254, 178\u2013196 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"24133_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montecino-Latorre, D. F. & Barker, C. M. Model results.: Overwintering of West Nile virus in a bird community with a communal crow roost. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.6099572.v1","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.6099572.v1"},{"key":"24133_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0613","volume":"7","author":"NA Hartemink","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hartemink, N. A., Davis, S. A., Reiter, P., Hub\u00e1lek, Z. & Heesterbeek, J. A. P. Importance of bird-to-bird transmission for the establishment of West Nile virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7, 575\u2013584 (2007).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.04.022","volume":"152","author":"JL Gonzales","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gonzales, J. L., van der Goot, J. A., Stegeman, J. A., Elbers, A. R. W. & Koch, G. Transmission between chickens of an H7N1 Low Pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated during the epidemic of 1999 in Italy. Vet. Microbiol. 152, 187\u2013190 (2011).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"24133_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803001067","volume":"131","author":"JA van der Goot","year":"2003","unstructured":"van der Goot, J. A., de Jong, M. C. M., Koch, G. & Van Boven, M. Comparison of the transmission characteristics of low and high pathogenicity avian influenza A virus (H5N2). Epidemiol. Infect. 131, 1003\u20131013 (2003).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"24133_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045059","volume":"7","author":"RA Saenz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saenz, R. A. et al. Quantifying transmission of highly pathogenic and low pathogenicity H7N1 avian influenza in turkeys. PLoS One 7, e45059 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"24133_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conlan, A. J. K. et al. Transmission and dose\u2013response experiments for social animals: a reappraisal of the colonization biology of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens. J. R. Soc. Interface rsif20110125 (2011).","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0125"},{"key":"24133_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.10.5765-5770.2005","volume":"71","author":"TJWM Van Gerwe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van Gerwe, T. J. W. M. et al. Quantifying transmission of Campylobacter spp. among broilers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 5765\u20135770 (2005).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"24133_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6361","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00961-09","volume":"75","author":"ME Thomas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thomas, M. E. et al. Quantification of horizontal transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis bacteria in pair-housed groups of laying hens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 6361\u20136366 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"24133_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803001213","volume":"132","author":"L Heres","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heres, L., Urlings, H. A. P., Wagenaar, J. A. & de Jong, M. C. M. Transmission of Salmonella between broiler chickens fed with fermented liquid feed. Epidemiol. Infect. 132, 107\u2013116 (2004).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"24133_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.030644","volume":"10","author":"AM Ringia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ringia, A. M. et al. Antibody prevalence of West Nile virus in birds, Illinois, 2002. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1120\u20131124 (2004).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1650\/7646","volume":"107","author":"C Caffrey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caffrey, C., Smith, S. C. R. & Weston, T. J. West Nile virus devastates an America crow population. Condor 107, 128\u2013132 (2005).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"24133_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020794","volume":"9","author":"F Mostashari","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mostashari, F., Kulldorff, M., Hartman, J. J., Miller, J. R. & Kulasekera, V. Dead bird clusters as an early warning system for West Nile virus activity. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 641\u2013646 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017405","volume":"7","author":"M Eidson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Eidson, M. et al. Dead bird surveillance as an early warning system for West Nile virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7, 631\u2013635 (2001).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017421","volume":"7","author":"VL Kulasekera","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kulasekera, V. L. et al. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7, 722\u2013725 (2001).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24133_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1676\/03-104","volume":"116","author":"SA Yaremych","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yaremych, S. A., Novak, R. J., Raim, A. J., Mankin, P. C. & Warner, R. E. Home range and habitat use by American crows in relation to transmission of West Nile virus. Wilson Bull. 116, 232\u2013239 (2004).","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"24133_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.350","volume":"75","author":"MP Ward","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ward, M. P., Raim, A., Yaremych-Hamer, S., Lampman, R. & Novak, R. J. Does the roosting behavior of birds affect transmission dynamics of West Nile virus? Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 350\u2013355 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24133_CR94","first-page":"49","volume":"12","author":"SK Sherrod","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sherrod, S. K. Diets of North American falconiformes. Raptor Res 12, 49\u2013121 (1978).","journal-title":"Raptor Res"},{"key":"24133_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1139\/z87-090","volume":"65","author":"RW Campbell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Campbell, R. W., Manuwal, D. A. & Harestad, A. S. Food habits of the common barn-owl in British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 65, 578\u2013586 (1987).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"24133_CR96","first-page":"434","volume":"84","author":"LC Otteni","year":"1972","unstructured":"Otteni, L. C., Bolen, E. G. & Cottam, C. Predator-prey relationships and reproduction of the barn owl in Southern Texas. Wilson Bull. 84, 434\u2013448 (1972).","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"24133_CR97","unstructured":"Glasgow, L. L. The barn owl. Bull. Am. Assoc. Hist. Nurs. (1962)."},{"key":"24133_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-261","volume":"66","author":"CD Marti","year":"1988","unstructured":"Marti, C. D. A long-term study of food-niche dynamics in the common barn-owl: comparisons within and between populations. Can. J. Zool. 66, 1803\u20131812 (1988).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"24133_CR99","first-page":"58","volume":"36","author":"LA Cromrich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cromrich, L. A., Holt, D. W. & Leasure, S. M. Trophic niche of North American great horned owls. J. Raptor Res. 36, 58\u201365 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Raptor Res."},{"key":"24133_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbeek, N. A. & Caffrey, C. American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). The Birds of North America Available at: https:\/\/birdsna.org\/Species-Account\/bna\/species\/amecro\/demography#lifespan (Accessed: November 10, 2015) (2002).","DOI":"10.2173\/tbna.647.p"},{"key":"24133_CR101","unstructured":"Henny, C. J. An Analysis of the Population Dynamics of Selected Avian Species with Special References to Changes During the Modern Pesticide Era. (United States Department of the Interior, 1972)."},{"key":"24133_CR102","first-page":"108","volume":"15","author":"D Keran","year":"1981","unstructured":"Keran, D. The incidence of man-caused and natural mortalities to raptors. Raptor Research 15, 108\u2013112 (1981).","journal-title":"Raptor Research"},{"key":"24133_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohner, C. The numerical response of great horned owls to the snowshoe hare cycle: consequences of non-territorial floaters\u2019 on demography. J. Anim. Ecol. 359\u2013370 (1996).","DOI":"10.2307\/5882"},{"key":"24133_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bildstein, K. L., MacWhirter, R. B., Poole, A. & Gill, F. Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus). Birds North America Available at: https:\/\/birdsna.org\/Species-Account\/bna\/species\/norhar\/introduction. (Accessed: 21st March 2016) (1996).","DOI":"10.2173\/tbna.210.p"},{"key":"24133_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenig, W. D. & Stacey, P. B. Acorn woodpeckers: group-living and food storage under contrasting ecological conditions. Cooperative breeding in birds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 415\u2013453 (1990).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752452.015"},{"key":"24133_CR106","unstructured":"DeSante, D. F., Kaschube, D. R. & Saracco, J. F. Vital rates of North American landbirds. The Institute for Bird Populations. Available at: www.VitalRatesOfNorthAmericanLandbirds.org. (Accessed: 3rd May 2016) (2015)."},{"key":"24133_CR107","first-page":"106","volume":"13","author":"PA Stewart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stewart, P. A. Annual survival rate of yellow-rumped warblers. North American Bird Bander 13, 106 (1988).","journal-title":"North American Bird Bander"},{"key":"24133_CR108","unstructured":"Schroeder, D. A. Breeding biology and population limitation in the black phoebe (Sayornis nigricans) in Southern coastal California. (University of California, Santa Barbara, 1985)."},{"key":"24133_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/98.3.457","volume":"98","author":"WA Searcy","year":"1981","unstructured":"Searcy, W. A. & Yasukawa, K. Sexual size dimorphism and survival of male and female blackbirds (Icteridae). Auk 98, 457\u2013465 (1981).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"24133_CR110","first-page":"677","volume":"97","author":"DM Scott","year":"1980","unstructured":"Scott, D. M. & Ankney, C. D. Fecundity of the brown-headed cowbird in Southern Ontario. Auk 97, 677\u2013683 (1980).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"24133_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2307\/3797941","volume":"28","author":"RJ Raitt","year":"1964","unstructured":"Raitt, R. J. & Genelly, R. E. Dynamics of a population of California quail. J. Wildl. Manage. 28, 127\u2013141 (1964).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"24133_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1642\/0004-8038(2002)119[0149:ASROWS]2.0.CO;2","volume":"119","author":"BK Sandercock","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sandercock, B. K. & Jaramillo, A. Annual survival rates of wintering sparrows: assessing demographic consequences of migration. Auk 119, 149\u2013165 (2002).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"24133_CR113","first-page":"481","volume-title":"J. Ornithol.","author":"RE Ricklefs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ricklefs, R. E., Tsunekage, T. & Shea, R. E. Annual adult survival in several new world passerine birds based on age ratios in museum collections - Springer. J. Ornithol. 152, (481\u2013495 (2011)."},{"key":"24133_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2000.tb01255.x","volume":"54","author":"AV Badyaev","year":"2000","unstructured":"Badyaev, A. V., Hill, G. E., Stoehr, A. M., Nolan, P. M. & McGraw, K. J. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch. II. Population divergence in relation to local selection. Evolution 54, 2134\u20132144 (2000).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"24133_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00098.x","volume":"54","author":"AV Badyaev","year":"2000","unstructured":"Badyaev, A. V. & Martin, T. E. Sexual dimorphism in relation to current selection in the house finch. Evolution 54, 987\u2013997 (2000).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"24133_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00428.x","volume":"62","author":"AV Badyaev","year":"2008","unstructured":"Badyaev, A. V., Young, R. L., Oh, K. P. & Addison, C. Evolution on a local scale: developmental, functional, and genetic bases of divergence in bill form and associated changes in song structure between adjacent habitats. Evolution 62, 1951\u20131964 (2008).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"24133_CR117","unstructured":"Summers-Smith, J. D. The Sparrows: a study of the genus. Passer. T & AD Poyser, Staffordshier, England (1988)."},{"key":"24133_CR118","first-page":"456","volume":"96","author":"WB McGillivray","year":"1984","unstructured":"McGillivray, W. B. & Murphy, E. C. Sexual differences in longevity of house sparrows at Calgary, Alberta. Wilson Bull. 96, 456\u2013458 (1984).","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"24133_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.06.008","volume":"209","author":"ME Clark","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clark, M. E. & Martin, T. E. Modeling tradeoffs in avian life history traits and consequences for population growth. Ecol. Modell. 209, 110\u2013120 (2007).","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"24133_CR120","first-page":"53","volume":"12","author":"MI Dyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dyer, M. I., Pinowski, J. & Pinowska, B. 3. Population dynamics. Granivorous birds in ecosystems: their evolution, populations, energetics, adaptations, impact and control 12, 53 (2012).","journal-title":"Granivorous birds in ecosystems: their evolution, populations, energetics, adaptations, impact and control"},{"key":"24133_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00171683","volume":"31","author":"NT Wheelwright","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wheelwright, N. T., Schultz, C. B. & Hodum, P. J. Polygyny and male parental care in Savannah sparrows: effects on female fitness. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 31, 279\u2013289 (1992).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"24133_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/1365044","volume":"58","author":"RF Johnston","year":"1956","unstructured":"Johnston, R. F. Population structure in salt marsh song sparrows: Part I. Environment and annual cycle. Condor 58, 24\u201344 (1956).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"24133_CR123","unstructured":"Sogge, M. K. & Van Riper, C. Breeding biology and population dynamics of the San Miguel Island Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia micronyx). (Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, 1988)."},{"key":"24133_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2307\/1365077","volume":"51","author":"JM Linsdale","year":"1949","unstructured":"Linsdale, J. M. Survival in birds banded at the hastings reservation. Condor 51, 88\u201396 (1949).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"24133_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1676\/05-037.1","volume":"118","author":"T Gardali","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gardali, T. & Nur, N. Site-specific survival of black-headed grosbeaks and spotted towhees at four sites within the Sacramento Valley, California. Wilson J. Ornithol. 118, 178\u2013186 (2006).","journal-title":"Wilson J. Ornithol."},{"key":"24133_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1642\/0004-8038(2004)121[0118:LVADIW]2.0.CO;2","volume":"121","author":"AJ Keyser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Keyser, A. J., Keyser, M. T. & Promislow, D. E. L. Life-history variation and demography in western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) in Oregon. Auk 121, 118\u2013133 (2004).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"24133_CR127","first-page":"65","volume":"4","author":"JEC Flux","year":"1981","unstructured":"Flux, J. E. C. & Flux, M. M. Population dynamics and age structure of starlings (Sturnus Vulgaris) in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Ecol. 4, 65\u201372 (1981).","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Ecol."},{"key":"24133_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2307\/3802073","volume":"60","author":"TW Arnold","year":"1996","unstructured":"Arnold, T. W. & Clark, R. G. Survival and philopatry of female dabbling ducks in Southcentral Saskatchewan. J. Wildl. Manage. 60, 560\u2013568 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"24133_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2307\/3808827","volume":"56","author":"GW Smith","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smith, G. W. & Reynolds, R. E. Hunting and mallard survival, 1979\u201388. J. Wildl. Manage. 56, 306\u2013316 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"24133_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otis, D. L., Schulz, J. H. & Scott, D. P. Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) harvest and population parameters derived from a national banding study. US Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Technical Publication FWS. (BTP-R3010-2008, Washington, DC, USA, 2008).","DOI":"10.2173\/bna.117"},{"key":"24133_CR131","first-page":"112","volume":"43","author":"KL Wiebe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wiebe, K. L. A review of adult survival rates in woodpeckers. Ann. Zool. Fennici 43, 112\u2013117 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann. Zool. Fennici"},{"key":"24133_CR132","unstructured":"Michel, N., DeSante, D. F., Kaschube, D. R. & Nott, M. P. The monitoring avian productivity and survivorship (MAPS) program annual reports, 1989\u20132003. NBII\/MAPS Avian Demographics Query Interface (2006)."},{"key":"24133_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2307\/2401909","volume":"9","author":"RK Murton","year":"1972","unstructured":"Murton, R. K., Thearle, R. J. P. & Thompson, J. Ecological studies of the feral pigeon Columba livia var. I. Population, breeding biology and methods of control. J. Appl. Ecol. 9, 835\u2013874 (1972).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"24133_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/1368703","volume":"92","author":"JL Atwood","year":"1990","unstructured":"Atwood, J. L., Elpers, M. J. & Collins, C. T. Survival of breeders in Santa Cruz island and mainland California Scrub Jay populations. Condor 92, 783\u2013788 (1990).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"24133_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.2307\/4089347","volume":"116","author":"C Caffrey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Caffrey, C. Feeding rates and individual contributions to feeding at nests in cooperatively breeding Western American crows. Auk 116, 836\u2013841 (1999).","journal-title":"Auk"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-24133-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-24133-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-24133-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T04:29:06Z","timestamp":1671596946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-24133-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["24133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-24133-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"6088"}}