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Preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel catheter coatings to prevent these infections needs to accurately quantify the bacterial load in the biofilm\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . There is currently no uniform gold standard for biofilm quantification for different surfaces and established biofilms. We have tried to establish a simple, accurate and reproducible method for extraction and measurement of biofilm bacteria on indwelling catheters, using a combination of vortexing and sonication. We demonstrate the usefulness of this method for catheters of different sizes \u2013 3\u2009Fr to 14\u2009Fr \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in murine and porcine models, and indwelling in human clinical subjects. We also demonstrate consistent results with complex and polymicrobial biofilms. We believe that this standardized reproducible method will assist the assessment of biofilms in general and urological devices in particular in efforts to harness novel technologies to prevent healthcare associated infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26342-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T10:04:42Z","timestamp":1526551482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Extraction and quantification of biofilm bacteria: Method optimized for urinary catheters"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1499-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kedar Diwakar","family":"Mandakhalikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juwita Norasmara","family":"Rahmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund","family":"Chiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koon Gee","family":"Neoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Anantharajah","family":"Tambyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"26342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donelli, G. 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All other authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"8069"}}