{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T16:22:44Z","timestamp":1778257364437,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pain is a complex sensory and affective experience. The current definition for pain relies on verbal reports in clinical settings and behavioral assays in animal models. These definitions can be subjective and do not take into consideration signals in the neural system. Local field potentials (LFPs) represent summed electrical currents from multiple neurons in a defined brain area. Although single neuronal spike activity has been shown to modulate the acute pain, it is not yet clear how ensemble activities in the form of LFPs can be used to decode the precise timing and intensity of pain. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to play a role in the affective-aversive component of pain in human and animal studies. Few studies, however, have examined how neural activities in the ACC can be used to interpret or predict acute noxious inputs. Here, we recorded <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> extracellular activity in the ACC from freely behaving rats after stimulus with non-noxious, low-intensity noxious, and high-intensity noxious stimuli, both in the absence and chronic pain. Using a supervised machine learning classifier with selected LFP features, we predicted the intensity and the onset of acute nociceptive signals with high degree of precision. These results suggest the potential to use LFPs to decode acute pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26527-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]],"date-time":"2018-05-23T11:21:12Z","timestamp":1527074472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Local field potential decoding of the onset and intensity of acute pain in rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Qiaosheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengdong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sile","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prathamesh","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai Phuong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arpan","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haocheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6483-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"26527_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2407","volume":"12","author":"T King","year":"2009","unstructured":"King, T. et al. Unmasking the tonic-aversive state in neuropathic pain. Nature neuroscience 12, 1364\u20131366 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3153","volume":"15","author":"MN Baliki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baliki, M. N. et al. Corticostriatal functional connectivity predicts transition to chronic back pain. Nature neuroscience 15, 1117\u20131119 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204471","volume":"368","author":"TD Wager","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wager, T. D. et al. An fMRI-based neurologic signature of physical pain. N Engl J Med 368, 1388\u20131397 (2013).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"26527_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.11.009","volume":"148","author":"I Tracey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tracey, I. & Johns, E. The pain matrix: reloaded or reborn as we image tonic pain using arterial spin labelling. Pain 148, 359\u2013360 (2010).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"26527_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.06.014","volume":"520","author":"P Schweinhardt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schweinhardt, P. & Bushnell, M. C. Neuroimaging of pain: insights into normal and pathological pain mechanisms. Neuroscience letters 520, 129\u2013130 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroscience letters"},{"key":"26527_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024124","volume":"6","author":"JE Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown, J. E., Chatterjee, N., Younger, J. & Mackey, S. Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation. PloS one 6, e24124 (2011).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"26527_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.4.1934","volume":"82","author":"RC Coghill","year":"1999","unstructured":"Coghill, R. C., Sang, C. N., Maisog, J. M. & Iadarola, M. J. Pain intensity processing within the human brain: a bilateral, distributed mechanism. Journal of neurophysiology 82, 1934\u20131943 (1999).","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"26527_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-03-00970.2002","volume":"22","author":"C Buchel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buchel, C. et al. Dissociable neural responses related to pain intensity, stimulus intensity, and stimulus awareness within the anterior cingulate cortex: a parametric single-trial laser functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 22, 970\u2013976 (2002).","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3862-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"E Navratilova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Navratilova, E. et al. Endogenous opioid activity in the anterior cingulate cortex is required for relief of pain. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 35, 7264\u20137271 (2015).","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.03.002","volume":"152","author":"C Qu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qu, C. et al. Lesion of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex eliminates the aversiveness of spontaneous neuropathic pain following partial or complete axotomy. Pain 152, 1641\u20131648 (2011).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"26527_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.08.004","volume":"77","author":"F Barthas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barthas, F. et al. The anterior cingulate cortex is a critical hub for pain-induced depression. Biological psychiatry 77, 236\u2013245 (2015).","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry"},{"key":"26527_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8077","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141218998","volume":"98","author":"JP Johansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Johansen, J. P., Fields, H. L. & Manning, B. H. The affective component of pain in rodents: direct evidence for a contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 8077\u20138082 (2001).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"26527_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Chronic pain induces generalized enhancement of aversion. eLife 6 (2017).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.25302"},{"key":"26527_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036023","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa644d","volume":"14","author":"Z Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Zhang, Q., Tong, A. P. S., Manders, T. R. & Wang, J. Deciphering neuronal population codes for acute thermal pain. J Neural Eng 14, 036023 (2017).","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"26527_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3241","volume":"13","author":"G Buzsaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buzsaki, G., Anastassiou, C. A. & Koch, C. The origin of extracellular fields and currents\u2013EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 13, 407\u2013420 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1954.17.6.533","volume":"17","author":"JD Green","year":"1954","unstructured":"Green, J. D. & Arduini, A. A. Hippocampal electrical activity in arousal. Journal of neurophysiology 17, 533\u2013557 (1954).","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"26527_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1126\/science.663646","volume":"201","author":"J Winson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Winson, J. Loss of hippocampal theta rhythm results in spatial memory deficit in the rat. Science 201, 160\u2013163 (1978).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"26527_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv043","volume":"25","author":"E Schulz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schulz, E. et al. Prefrontal Gamma Oscillations Encode Tonic Pain in Humans. Cerebral cortex 25, 4407\u20134414 (2015).","journal-title":"Cerebral cortex"},{"key":"26527_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr186","volume":"22","author":"E Schulz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schulz, E., Zherdin, A., Tiemann, L., Plant, C. & Ploner, M. Decoding an individual\u2019s sensitivity to pain from the multivariate analysis of EEG data. Cerebral cortex 22, 1118\u20131123 (2012).","journal-title":"Cerebral cortex"},{"key":"26527_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050133","volume":"5","author":"J Gross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gross, J., Schnitzler, A., Timmermann, L. & Ploner, M. Gamma oscillations in human primary somatosensory cortex reflect pain perception. PLoS biology 5, e133 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS biology"},{"key":"26527_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7429","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5877-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"ZG Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. G., Hu, L., Hung, Y. S., Mouraux, A. & Iannetti, G. D. Gamma-band oscillations in the primary somatosensory cortex\u2013a direct and obligatory correlate of subjective pain intensity. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 32, 7429\u20137438 (2012).","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3325-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"P Taesler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taesler, P. & Rose, M. Prestimulus Theta Oscillations and Connectivity Modulate Pain Perception. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 36, 5026\u20135033 (2016).","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2016.00009","volume":"10","author":"W Peng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peng, W. & Tang, D. Pain Related Cortical Oscillations: Methodological Advances and Potential Applications. Frontiers in computational neuroscience 10, 9 (2016).","journal-title":"Frontiers in computational neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, W. W. et al. Brain oscillations reflecting pain-related behavior in freely-moving rats. Pain (2017).","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001069"},{"key":"26527_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.017","volume":"81","author":"G Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, G. et al. A novel approach to predict subjective pain perception from single-trial laser-evoked potentials. NeuroImage 81, 283\u2013293 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"26527_CR26","first-page":"563","volume":"14","author":"RA Scudds","year":"1987","unstructured":"Scudds, R. A., Rollman, G. B., Harth, M. & McCain, G. A. Pain perception and personality measures as discriminators in the classification of fibrositis. The Journal of rheumatology 14, 563\u2013569 (1987).","journal-title":"The Journal of rheumatology"},{"key":"26527_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00204-5","volume":"105","author":"F Petzke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petzke, F., Clauw, D. J., Ambrose, K., Khine, A. & Gracely, R. H. Increased pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia: effects of stimulus type and mode of presentation. Pain 105, 403\u2013413 (2003).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"26527_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B9.24394","volume":"92","author":"CE Scott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scott, C. E., Howie, C. R., MacDonald, D. & Biant, L. C. Predicting dissatisfaction following total knee replacement: a prospective study of 1217 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 92, 1253\u20131258 (2010).","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"26527_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.01.013","volume":"34","author":"I Kudel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kudel, I. et al. Predictors and consequences of multiple persistent postmastectomy pains. Journal of pain and symptom management 34, 619\u2013627 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of pain and symptom management"},{"key":"26527_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68700-X","volume":"367","author":"H Kehlet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kehlet, H., Jensen, T. S. & Woolf, C. J. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet 367, 1618\u20131625 (2006).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"26527_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191792","volume":"330","author":"XY Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, X. Y. et al. Alleviating neuropathic pain hypersensitivity by inhibiting PKMzeta in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science 330, 1400\u20131404 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"26527_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.021","volume":"85","author":"K Koga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koga, K. et al. Coexistence of two forms of LTP in ACC provides a synaptic mechanism for the interactions between anxiety and chronic pain. Neuron 85, 377\u2013389 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"26527_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9682","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.21.9682","volume":"92","author":"GC DeAngelis","year":"1995","unstructured":"DeAngelis, G. C., Anzai, A., Ohzawa, I. & Freeman, R. D. Receptive field structure in the visual cortex: does selective stimulation induce plasticity? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92, 9682\u20139686 (1995).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"26527_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2017.00071","volume":"11","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Extracting Neural Oscillation Signatures of Laser-Induced Nociception in Pain-Related Regions in Rats. Front Neural Circuits 11, 71 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"26527_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00781.2011","volume":"107","author":"AK Bansal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bansal, A. K., Truccolo, W., Vargas-Irwin, C. E. & Donoghue, J. P. Decoding 3D reach and grasp from hybrid signals in motor and premotor cortices: spikes, multiunit activity, and local field potentials. Journal of neurophysiology 107, 1337\u20131355 (2012).","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"26527_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.008","volume":"114","author":"T Milekovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Milekovic, T., Truccolo, W., Grun, S., Riehle, A. & Brochier, T. Local field potentials in primate motor cortex encode grasp kinetic parameters. NeuroImage 114, 338\u2013355 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"26527_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16039-4","volume":"7","author":"PS Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, P. S. et al. Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Sci Rep 7, 15977 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"26527_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tendler, A. & Wagner, S. Different types of theta rhythmicity are induced by social and fearful stimuli in a network associated with social memory. Elife 4 (2015).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.03614"},{"key":"26527_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.04.011","volume":"127","author":"Y Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Luo, H., Green, A. L., Aziz, T. Z. & Wang, S. Characteristics of local field potentials correlate with pain relief by deep brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 127, 2573\u20132580 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"26527_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati, G. et al. Gamma-Band Oscillations Preferential for Nociception can be Recorded in the Human Insula. Cerebral cortex, 1\u201315 (2017).","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx237"},{"key":"26527_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.12.001","volume":"21","author":"M Ploner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ploner, M., Sorg, C. & Gross, J. Brain Rhythms of Pain. Trends in cognitive sciences 21, 100\u2013110 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"key":"26527_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.08.016","volume":"632","author":"AL Harris-Bozer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harris-Bozer, A. L. & Peng, Y. B. Inflammatory pain by carrageenan recruits low-frequency local field potential changes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroscience letters 632, 8\u201314 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroscience letters"},{"key":"26527_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3494-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"M Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, M. et al. Activation of corticostriatal circuitry relieves chronic neuropathic pain. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 35, 5247\u20135259 (2015).","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"26527_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.05.007","volume":"123","author":"SM Hatem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hatem, S. M. et al. Automated single-trial assessment of laser-evoked potentials as an objective functional diagnostic tool for the nociceptive system. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 123, 2437\u20132445 (2012).","journal-title":"Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"26527_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D. P. et al. Micro-drive array for chronic in vivo recording: tetrode assembly. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE (2009).","DOI":"10.3791\/1098"},{"key":"26527_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1982.12433","volume":"70","author":"DJ Thomson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Thomson, D. J. Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis. Proc IEEE 70, 1055\u20131096 (1982).","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"26527_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.06.020","volume":"192","author":"H Bokil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bokil, H., Andrews, P., Kulkarni, J. E., Mehta, S. & Mitra, P. P. Chronux: a platform for analyzing neural signals. Journal of neuroscience methods 192, 146\u2013151 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of neuroscience methods"},{"key":"26527_CR48","unstructured":"Bishop, C. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer (2007)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-26527-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-26527-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-26527-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T05:44:21Z","timestamp":1671601461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-26527-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-26527-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"8299"}}