{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:30:06Z","timestamp":1790731806073,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]],"date-time":"2018-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]],"date-time":"2018-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anticoagulant rodenticides have been implicated as a potential inciting factor in the development of mange in wild felids, but a causative association between anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and immune suppression has not been established. Specific-pathogen-free domestic cats were exposed to brodifacoum over a 6-week period to determine whether chronic, low-level exposure altered the feline immune response. Cats were vaccinated with irrelevant antigens at different points during the course of the experiment to assess recall and direct immune responses. Measures of immune response included delayed-type hypersensitivity tests and cell proliferation assays. IgE and antigen-specific antibodies were quantified via ELISA assays, and cytokine induction following exposure to vaccine antigens was also analyzed. While cats had marked levels of brodifacoum present in blood during the study, no cats developed coagulopathies or hematologic abnormalities. Brodifacoum-exposed cats had transient, statistically significant decreases in the production of certain cytokines, but all other measures of immune function remained unaffected throughout the study period. This study indicates that cats may be more resistant to clinical effects of brodifacoum exposure than other species and suggests that the gross impacts of environmentally realistic brodifacoum exposure on humoral and cell-mediated immunity against foreign antigen exposures in domestic cats are minimal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26558-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T14:47:59Z","timestamp":1526914079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Low-level Brodifacoum Exposure on the Feline Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Kopanke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Horak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Musselman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6206-0792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Olver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven F.","family":"Volker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"VandeWoude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Bevins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"26558_CR1","first-page":"311","volume":"8","author":"VM Mendenhall","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mendenhall, V. M. & Pank, L. F. Secondary poisoning of owls by anticoagulant rodenticides. Wildlife Soc. B. 8, 311\u2013315 (1980).","journal-title":"Wildlife Soc. B."},{"key":"26558_CR2","first-page":"183","volume":"74","author":"EE Littrell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Littrell, E. E. Wild carnivore deaths due to anticoagulant intoxication. Calif. Fish Game 74, 183 (1988).","journal-title":"Calif. Fish Game"},{"key":"26558_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01458.x","volume":"17","author":"SPD Riley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Riley, S. P. D. et al. Effects of urbanization and habitat fragmentation on bobcats and coyotes in southern California. Conserv. Biol. 17, 566\u2013576 (2003).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"26558_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013793029831","volume":"11","author":"CT Eason","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eason, C. T., Murphy, E. C., Wright, G. R. G. & Spurr, E. Assessment of risks of brodifacoum to non-target birds and mammals in New Zealand. Ecotoxicology 11, 35\u201348 (2002).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"26558_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.1995.9518055","volume":"22","author":"CT Eason","year":"1995","unstructured":"Eason, C. T. & Spurr, E. Review of the toxicity and impacts of brodifacoum on non-target wildlife in New Zealand. New Zeal. J. Zool. 22, 371\u2013379 (1995).","journal-title":"New Zeal. J. Zool."},{"key":"26558_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-002-0152-0","volume":"70","author":"W Stone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stone, W., Okoniewski, J. C. & Stedelin, J. R. Anticoagulant rodenticides and raptors: recent findings in New York, 1998\u20132001. B. Environ. Contam. Tox. 70, 34\u201340 (2002).","journal-title":"B. Environ. Contam. Tox."},{"key":"26558_CR7","unstructured":"Daniels, D. Second Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticide Assessment. Memorandum to California Department of Pesticide Regulation http:\/\/www.cdpr.ca.gov\/docs\/registration\/reevaluation\/chemicals\/brodifacoum_final_assess.pdf. (2013)."},{"key":"26558_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-015-1429-5","volume":"24","author":"LEK Serieys","year":"2015","unstructured":"Serieys, L. E. K. et al. Anticoagulant rodenticides in urban bobcats: exposure, risk factors and potential effects based on a 16-year study. Ecotoxicology 24, 844\u2013862 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"26558_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.12.008","volume":"42","author":"C DeClementi","year":"2012","unstructured":"DeClementi, C. & Sobczak, B. R. Common rodenticide toxicoses in small animals. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small 42, 349\u2013360 (2012).","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small"},{"key":"26558_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/104063878900100118","volume":"1","author":"MD DuVall","year":"1989","unstructured":"DuVall, M. D., Murphy, M. J., Ray, A. C. & Reagor, J. C. Case studies on second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide toxicities in nontarget species. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1, 66\u201368 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"26558_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.2193\/2005-615","volume":"71","author":"SP Riley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riley, S. P. et al. Anticoagulant exposure and notoedric mange in bobcats and mountain lions in urban southern California. J. Wildlife Manage. 71, 1874\u20131884 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Manage."},{"key":"26558_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1645\/12-175.1","volume":"99","author":"L Serieys","year":"2013","unstructured":"Serieys, L. et al. Serum chemistry, hematologic, and post-mortem findings in free-ranging bobcats (Lynx rufus) with notoedric mange. J. Parasitol. 99, 989\u2013996 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"26558_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14531","volume":"00","author":"D Fraser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fraser, D. et al. Genome-wide expression reveals multiple systemic effects associated with detection of anticoagulant poisons in bobcats (Lynx rufus). Mol. Ecol. 00, 1\u201318, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.14531 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"26558_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20172533","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2533","volume":"285","author":"LEK Serieys","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serieys, L. E. K. et al. Urbanization and anticoagulant poisons promote immune dysfunction in bobcats. Proc. R. Soc. B. 285, 20172533, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2017.2533 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B."},{"key":"26558_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1335","volume":"21","author":"D Pence","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pence, D. & Ueckermann, E. Sarcoptic mange in wildlife. Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE 21, 385\u2013398 (2002).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE"},{"key":"26558_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01218.x","volume":"32","author":"S Walton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walton, S. The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to scabies. Parasite Immunol. 32, 532\u2013540 (2010).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"26558_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001505","volume":"143","author":"J Foley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foley, J. et al. A synthetic review of notoedres species mites and mange. Parasitology 143, 1847\u20131861 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"26558_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S1098-612X(03)00022-6","volume":"5","author":"B Kohn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kohn, B., Weingart, C. & Giger, U. Haemorrhage in seven cats with suspected anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. J. Feline Med. Surg. 5, 295\u2013304 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"26558_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.01.068","volume":"99","author":"H Hatanaka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hatanaka, H. et al. Effects of vitamin K3 and K5 on proliferation, cytokine production, and regulatory T cell-frequency in human peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. Life Sci. 99, 61\u201364 (2014).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"26558_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.09.011","volume":"21","author":"Y Oshaki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oshaki, Y. et al. Vitamin K suppresses the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultures macrophage-like cells via the inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor \u03ba\u03b2 through the repression of IKK\u03b1\/\u03b2 phosphorylation. J. Nutr. Biochem. 21, 1120\u20131126 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"26558_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.01.049","volume":"50","author":"S Belij","year":"2012","unstructured":"Belij, S. et al. Effects of subacute oral warfarin administration of peripheral blood granulocytes in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 50, 1499\u20131507 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"26558_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2012.684159","volume":"10","author":"A Popov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Popov, A. et al. Oral warfarin affects peripheral blood leukocyte IL-6 and TNF\u03b1 production in rats. J. Immunotoxicol. 10, 17\u201324 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"26558_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.02.012","volume":"131","author":"S Schroecksnadel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schroecksnadel, S. et al. Immunomodulatory effects in vitro of vitamin K antagonist acenocoumarol. Thromb. Res. 131, e264\u2013e269, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.02.012 (2013).","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"26558_CR24","first-page":"207","volume":"23","author":"JE Dowding","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dowding, J. E., Murphy, E. C. & Veitch, C. R. Brodifacoum residues in target and non-target species following an aerial poisoning operation on Motuihe Island, Hauraki Gulf. New Zeal. J. Ecol. 23, 207\u2013214 (1999).","journal-title":"New Zeal. J. Ecol."},{"key":"26558_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1198\/000313001317098149","volume":"55","author":"RV Lenth","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. Some practical guidelines for effective sample-size determination. Am. Stat. 55, 187\u2013193 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"26558_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(02)00297-X","volume":"122","author":"RF Shore","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shore, R. F., Birks, J. D. S., Afsar, A., Wienburg, C. L. & Kitchener, A. C. Spatial and temporal analysis of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide residues in polecats (Mustela putorius) from throughout their range in Britain, 1992\u20131999. Environ. Pollut. 122, 183\u2013193 (2003).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"26558_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.00997.x","volume":"42","author":"CR Brakes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brakes, C. R. & Smith, R. H. Exposure of non-target small mammals to rodenticides: short-term effects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning. J Appl. Ecol. 42, 118\u2013128 (2005).","journal-title":"J Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"26558_CR28","first-page":"163","volume":"23","author":"SC McMillin","year":"2008","unstructured":"McMillin, S. C., Hosea, R. C., Finlayson, B. F., Cypher, B. & Mekebri, A. Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in an urban population of San Joaquin kit fox. Proc. Vert. Pest. Conf. 23, 163\u2013165 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Vert. Pest. Conf."},{"key":"26558_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/03015521.1984.10421419","volume":"12","author":"CG Rammell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rammell, C. G., Hoogenboom, J. J. L., Cotter, M., Williams, J. M. & Bell, J. Brodifacoum residues in target and non-target animals following rabbit poisoning trails. New Zeal. J. Exp. Agr. 12, 107\u2013111 (1984).","journal-title":"New Zeal. J. Exp. Agr."},{"key":"26558_CR30","first-page":"209","volume":"173","author":"MER Godfrey","year":"1985","unstructured":"Godfrey, M. E. R. Non-target and secondary poisoning hazards of \u201csecond generation\u201d anticoagulants. Acta Zool. Fennica 173, 209\u2013212 (1985).","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Fennica"},{"key":"26558_CR31","unstructured":"Eason, C. T. & Wickstrom, M. Brodifacoum (Talon\u00ae, Pestoff\u00ae) in Vertebrate Pesticide Toxicology Manual (Poisons). 49\u201365. (New Zealand Department of Conservation 2001)."},{"key":"26558_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-214R","volume":"90","author":"P Lalli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lalli, P., Morgan, M. & Arlian, L. Skewed Th1\/Th2 immune response to Sarcoptes scabiei. J. Parasitol. 90, 711\u2013714 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"26558_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003498","volume":"9","author":"K Mounsey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mounsey, K. et al. Prospective study in a porcine model of Sarcoptes scabiei indicates the association of Th2 and Th17 pathways with the clinical severity of scabies. PLoS Neglect. Trop. D. 9, e3498, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003498 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect. Trop. D."},{"key":"26558_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071143","volume":"8","author":"MS Morgan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morgan, M. S., Arlian, L. G. & Markey, M. P. Sarcoptes scabiei mites modulate gene expression in human skin equivalents. PloS One 8, e71143, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0071143 (2013).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"26558_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.283","volume":"43","author":"L Arlian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arlian, L., Morgan, M. & Paul, C. Evidence that scabies mites (Acari: Sarcoptidae) influence production of interleukin-10 and the function of T-regulatory cells (Tr1) in humans. J. Med. Entomol. 43, 283\u2013287 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"26558_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2014.928307","volume":"34","author":"A Popov Aleksandrov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Popov Aleksandrov, A. et al. Proinflammatory cytokine responses in skin and epidermal cells following epicutaneous administration of anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin in rats. Cut. Oc. Toxicol. 34, 149\u2013155 (2015).","journal-title":"Cut. Oc. Toxicol."},{"key":"26558_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00047-7","volume":"188","author":"M Kataranovski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kataranovski, M. et al. Immunotoxicity of epicutaneously applied anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin: evaluation by contact hypersensitivity to DNCB in rats. Toxicology 188, 83\u2013100 (2003).","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"26558_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070981","volume":"14","author":"M Brown","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brown, M. et al. Genetic characterization of feline leukemia virus from Florida panthers. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 252\u2013259 (2008).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"26558_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-08-206","volume":"49","author":"J Foley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foley, J. et al. Risk factors for exposure to feline pathogens in California mountain lions (Puma concolor). J. Wildlife Dis. 49, 279\u2013293 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"26558_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00473-14","volume":"88","author":"J Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, J. et al. Evolution of puma lentivirus in bobcats (Lynx rufus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) in North America. J. Virol. 88, 7727\u20137737 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"26558_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12477","volume":"29","author":"C Isaksson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isaksson, C. Urbanization, oxidative stress and inflammation: a question of evolving, acclimatizing or coping with urban environmental stress. Funct. Ecol. 29, 913\u2013923 (2015).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"26558_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170276","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0276","volume":"13","author":"S Davies","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davies, S., Haddad, N. & Ouyang, J. Stressful city sounds: glucocorticoid responses to experimental traffic noise are environmentally dependent. Biol. Letters 13, 20170276, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0276 (2017).","journal-title":"Biol. Letters"},{"key":"26558_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e127626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127626","volume":"10","author":"S Bhattacharjee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, S. et al. Glucocorticoid stress responses of reintroduced tigers in relation to anthropogenic disturbance in Sariska Tiger Reserve in India. PloS One 10, e127626, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0127626 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"26558_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(94)50083-4","volume":"24","author":"D Greco","year":"1994","unstructured":"Greco, D. & Harpold, L. Immunity and the endocrine system. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small 24, 765\u2013782 (1994).","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small"},{"key":"26558_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63073","DOI":"10.1086\/523306","volume":"81","author":"N Charbonnel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Charbonnel, N. et al. Stress and demographic decline: a potential effect mediated by impairment of reproduction and immune function in cyclic vole populations. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81, 63073 (2008).","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"26558_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.08.001","volume":"58","author":"SS French","year":"2010","unstructured":"French, S. S., DeNardo, D. F., Grieves, T. J., Strand, C. R. & Demas, G. E. Human disturbance alters endocrine and immune responses in the Galapagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). Horm. Behav. 58, 792\u2013799 (2010).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"26558_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17723245","volume":"19","author":"L Boland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boland, L. & Barrs, V. Peculiarities of feline hyperadrenocorticism: update on diagnosis and treatment. J. Feline Med. Surg. 19, 933\u2013947 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"26558_CR48","unstructured":"Sabin, L. D., Schiff, K. C., Lim, J. H. & Stolzenbach, K. D. Atmospheric concentrations of PAH, pesticides, and other semi-volatile organic compounds in the Los Angeles coastal region. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 2003-04 Biennial Report, 61\u201372 (2004)."},{"key":"26558_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1065\/espr2006.04.301","volume":"14","author":"JM Ataria","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ataria, J. M., O\u2019Halloran, K. & Booneratne, R. Hepatic and immune biological effect assay in C57BL\/6 mice to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability under laboratory exposures with increasing environmental relevance. Env. Sci. Poll. Res. Int. 14, 256\u2013265 (2007).","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Poll. Res. Int."},{"key":"26558_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.01.013","volume":"105","author":"JA Davis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis, J. A., Hetzel, F., Oram, J. J. & McKee, L. J. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in San Francisco Bay. Environ. Res. 105, 67\u201386 (2007).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"26558_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.07.019","volume":"60","author":"K Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, K., Ara Jahan, S., Kabir, E. & Brown, R. J. C. A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ. Int. 60, 71\u201380 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"26558_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4076","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3748-0","volume":"22","author":"A Kamal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamal, A., Cincinelli, A., Martellini, T. & Malik, R. N. A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 4076\u20134098 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"26558_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104s4823","volume":"104","author":"RL de Swart","year":"1996","unstructured":"de Swart, R. L., Ross, P. S., Vos, J. G. & Osterhaus, A. D. M. E. Impaired immunity in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) exposed to bioaccumulated environmental contaminants: review of a long-term feeding study. Environ. Health Persp. 104, 823\u2013828 (1996).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"26558_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09658","volume":"453","author":"TM Mongillo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mongillo, T. M. et al. Predicted polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation in southern resident killer whales. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 453, 263\u2013277 (2012).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"26558_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038","volume":"408","author":"RJ Letcher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Letcher, R. J. et al. Exposure and effects of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish. Sci. Total Environ. 408, 2995\u20133043 (2010).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"26558_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.03.002","volume":"36","author":"C Sonne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sonne, C. Health effects from long-range transported contaminants in Arctic top predators: an integrated review based on studies of polar bears and relevant model species. Environ. Int. 36, 461\u2013491 (2010).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"26558_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390500227472","volume":"69","author":"C Mori","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mori, C., Morsey, B., Levin, M., Nambiar, P. & De Guise, S. Immunomodulatory effects of in vitro exposure to organochlorines on T-cell proliferation in marine mammals and mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 69, 283\u2013302 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"26558_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1897\/06-505R.1","volume":"26","author":"M Finkelstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Finkelstein, M. et al. Contaminant-associated alternation of immune function in black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes), a North Pacific predator. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26, 1896\u20131903 (2007).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"26558_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1897\/06-246R.1","volume":"26","author":"PA Martin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martin, P. A. et al. Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 in ranch mink (Mustela vison). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26, 988\u2013997 (2007).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"26558_CR60","first-page":"2735","volume":"46","author":"RH Blanton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Blanton, R. H., Lyte, M., Myers, M. J. & Bick, P. H. Immunomodulation by polyaromatic hydrocarbons in mice and murine cells. Cancer Res. 46, 2735\u20132739 (1986).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"26558_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.12.003","volume":"436","author":"E Magden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Magden, E. et al. Acute virulent infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) results in lymphomagenesis via an indirect mechanism. Virology 436, 284\u2013294 (2013).","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-26558-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-26558-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-26558-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T17:18:53Z","timestamp":1751649533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-26558-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-26558-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"8168"}}