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To investigate this co-regulation in MDD, we assessed telomere length (TL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and selected immune cell subsets by quantitative fluorescence <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization and mitochondrial respiratory activity in PBMC by high-resolution respirometry in a study cohort of 18 MDD patients and 21 non-depressed controls. We provide initial evidence for a differential vulnerability to telomere attrition in selected adaptive immune cell populations. Here we found the highest difference in TL between depressed and control subjects for memory cytotoxic T cells. Depression was associated with reduced mitochondrial activity (mitochondrial bioenergetics), but increased mitochondrial density (mitochondrial biogenesis) in PBMC. Exploratory post-hoc analyses indicated that the changes in TL and immune cell bioenergetics were most pronounced in MDD patients who reported\u00a0experiences\u00a0of childhood sexual abuse. Among MDD patients, PBMC TL was as a trend positively associated with mitochondrial density and negatively associated with mitochondrial leak respiration, but not with mitochondrial activity related to biological energy production. These initial findings support the hypothesis of a co-regulation between telomeres and mitochondrial biogenesis but not mitochondrial bioenergetics among MDD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26867-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T14:09:46Z","timestamp":1528985386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Targeting the association between telomere length and immuno-cellular bioenergetics in female patients with Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Boeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Salinas-Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Calzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Radermacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A. 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