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The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of the composition of vaginal microbial communities on tampon colonisation by <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> during menses. We analysed the microbiota in menstrual fluids extracted from tampons from 108 healthy women and 7 mTSS cases. Using culture, <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> was detected in menstrual fluids of 40% of healthy volunteers and 100% of mTSS patients. Between class analysis of culturomic and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding data indicated that the composition of the tampons\u2019 microbiota differs according to the presence or absence of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and identify discriminating genera. However, the bacterial communities of tampon fluid positive for <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> did not cluster together. No difference in tampon microbiome richness, diversity, and ecological distance was observed between tampon vaginal fluids with or without <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, and between healthy donors carrying <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and mTSS patients. Our results show that the vagina is a major niche of<jats:italic>. S. aureus<\/jats:italic> in tampon users and the composition of the tampon microbiota control its virulence though more complex interactions than simple inhibition by lactic acid-producing bacterial species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28116-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T11:17:05Z","timestamp":1530011825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Complex ecological interactions of Staphylococcus aureus in tampons during menstruation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Isaline","family":"Jacquemond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00eblle","family":"Muggeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gery","family":"Lamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Tristan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Gillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre Adrien","family":"Bolze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Bes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude Alexandre","family":"Gustave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Rasigade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Golfier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Ferry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0572-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Dubost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danis","family":"Abrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Prigent-Combaret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Thioulouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9236-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Lina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6619-4691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"28116_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218525110","volume":"110","author":"M McFall-Ngai","year":"2013","unstructured":"McFall-Ngai, M. et al. 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