{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:42:01Z","timestamp":1759941721997,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]],"date-time":"2018-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]],"date-time":"2018-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Science and Technology of Korea on the project Development of Solution for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care System of Dementia (CRC-15-04-KIST) WISET R&amp;D program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1A2B3012659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A2B3012659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Science and Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIP)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent improvements in neuroimaging and molecular markers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) have aided diagnosis in the early stage of the disease, which greatly increases the chance for successful prevention and treatment. However, the expanding resources for AD diagnosis are unlikely to benefit all elderly due to economic burden. Here, we aimed to develop an inexpensive and sensitive method to detect early-stage AD. A scenario for real-world social event memory test (SEMT) was created and filmed in 360\u00b0 video. Participants watched the 7-min video through head-mounted display (HMD) and then answered questionnaire about the video. We categorized the SEMT score into recall, recognition, and place-matching scores and compared them to scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination and Seoul Verbal Learning Test. Using the SEMT scores, we built a logistic regression model that discriminated between amyloid positivity and negativity of the participants, with a cross-validation AUC. Furthermore, a classifier was created using support vector machine, which produced 93.8\u201395.1% sensitivity in classifying individuals into four groups of normal, mild cognitive impairment with or without amyloid, and AD elderly. The high correlation between the SEMT score and amyloid positivity in individuals who experienced virtual social gathering through an HMD opens a new possibility for early diagnosis of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28768-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T15:44:22Z","timestamp":1530719062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Social Event Memory Test (SEMT): A Video-based Memory Test for Predicting Amyloid Positivity for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ko Woon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0286-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Doo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyejoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seongbeom","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juhee","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byung Hwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeshin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3152-1274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyemin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jee Hyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duk L.","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"28768_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198602000-00002","volume":"174","author":"A Nelson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nelson, A., Fogel, B. S. & Faust, D. Bedside cognitive screening instruments. A critical assessment. J Nerv Ment Dis 174, 73\u201383 (1986).","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"28768_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828ab35d","volume":"80","author":"T Hedden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hedden, T., Oh, H., Younger, A. P. & Patel, T. A. Meta-analysis of amyloid-cognition relations in cognitively normal older adults. Neurology 80, 1341\u20131348, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828ab35d (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"28768_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21904","volume":"67","author":"DM Rentz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rentz, D. M. et al. Cognition, reserve, and amyloid deposition in normal aging. Ann Neurol 67, 353\u2013364, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21904 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"28768_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.06.006","volume":"49","author":"DM Rentz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rentz, D. M. et al. Face-name associative memory performance is related to amyloid burden in normal elderly. Neuropsychologia 49, 2776\u20132783, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.06.006 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"28768_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt222","volume":"5","author":"DM Rentz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rentz, D. M. et al. Promising developments in neuropsychological approaches for the detection of preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a selective review. Alzheimers Res Ther 5, 58, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/alzrt222 (2013).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"28768_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.034","volume":"73","author":"KV Papp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Papp, K. V. et al. Free and cued memory in relation to biomarker-defined abnormalities in clinically normal older adults and those at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropsychologia 73, 169\u2013175, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.034 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"28768_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq148","volume":"133","author":"MA Parra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parra, M. A. et al. Visual short-term memory binding deficits in familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 133, 2702\u20132713, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq148 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"28768_CR8","unstructured":"Rizzo, A., Buckwalter, J. G., Zaag, C. & Larson, P.-A. In Virtual Reality, 2000\n                           . Proceedings. IEEE."},{"key":"28768_CR9","unstructured":"Sbordone, R. J. Ecological validity: Some critical issues for the neuropsychologist. In Sbordone, R. J. & Long, C. J. (eds), Ecological validity of neuropsychological testing. 15\u201341 (St Lucie Press, 1996)."},{"key":"28768_CR10","unstructured":"Brewer, M. B. & Crano., W. D. Research design and issues of validity. Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology. (Cambridge University Press, 2000)."},{"key":"28768_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2006.04.004","volume":"21","author":"DM Spooner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spooner, D. M. & Pachana, N. A. Ecological validity in neuropsychological assessment: a case for greater consideration in research with neurologically intact populations. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 21, 327\u2013337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2006.04.004 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"28768_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70077-1","volume":"10","author":"H Barthel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barthel, H. et al. Cerebral amyloid-beta PET with florbetaben (18F) in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and healthy controls: a multicentre phase 2 diagnostic study. Lancet Neurol 10, 424\u2013435, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70077-1 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"28768_CR13","unstructured":"Kang, Y. W. & Na, D. L. Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery. (Human Brain Research and Consulting Co, 2003)."},{"key":"28768_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.02.004","volume":"11","author":"O Sabri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sabri, O. et al. Florbetaben PET imaging to detect amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: phase 3 study. Alzheimers Dement 11, 964\u2013974, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.02.004 (2015).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"28768_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.2008","volume":"305","author":"CM Clark","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clark, C. M. et al. Use of florbetapir-PET for imaging beta-amyloid pathology. JAMA 305, 275\u2013283, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2010.2008 (2011).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"28768_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20009","volume":"55","author":"WE Klunk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Klunk, W. E. et al. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann Neurol 55, 306\u2013319, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.20009 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"28768_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151487","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151487","volume":"11","author":"V Manera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manera, V. et al. A Feasibility Study with Image-Based Rendered Virtual Reality in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. PLoS One 11, e0151487, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151487 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"28768_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37016","volume":"6","author":"RM Foerster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foerster, R. M., Poth, C. H., Behler, C., Botsch, M. & Schneider, W. X. Using the virtual reality device Oculus Rift for neuropsychological assessment of visual processing capabilities. Sci Rep 6, 37016, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep37016 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"28768_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.4.484","volume":"55","author":"CR Jack","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jack, C. R. et al. Rates of hippocampal atrophy correlate with change in clinical status in aging and AD. Neurology 55, 484\u2013489 (2000).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"28768_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.10.967","volume":"55","author":"P Scheltens","year":"1992","unstructured":"Scheltens, P. et al. Atrophy of medial temporal lobes on MRI in \u201cprobable\u201d Alzheimer\u2019s disease and normal ageing: diagnostic value and neuropsychological correlates. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55, 967\u2013972 (1992).","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"28768_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12317","volume":"21","author":"GP Peng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peng, G. P. et al. Correlation of hippocampal volume and cognitive performances in patients with either mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer\u2019s disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 21, 15\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.12317 (2015).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"28768_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.03.003","volume":"182","author":"SJ Teipel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Teipel, S. J. et al. Multicentre variability of MRI-based medial temporal lobe volumetry in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Psychiatry Res 182, 244\u2013250, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.03.003 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"28768_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.6.2001","volume":"119","author":"NC Fox","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fox, N. C. et al. Presymptomatic hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. A longitudinal MRI study. Brain 119(Pt 6), 2001\u20132007 (1996).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"28768_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000258542.58725.4c","volume":"68","author":"AS Fleisher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fleisher, A. S. et al. Clinical predictors of progression to Alzheimer disease in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 68, 1588\u20131595, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000258542.58725.4c (2007).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"28768_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.10.1654","volume":"58","author":"MC Tierney","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tierney, M. C. et al. Recognition memory and verbal fluency differentiate probable Alzheimer disease from subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Arch Neurol 58, 1654\u20131659 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"28768_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.01.004","volume":"36","author":"G Orru","year":"2012","unstructured":"Orru, G., Pettersson-Yeo, W., Marquand, A. F., Sartori, G. & Mechelli, A. Using Support Vector Machine to identify imaging biomarkers of neurological and psychiatric disease: a critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36, 1140\u20131152, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.01.004 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"28768_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-008-0463-x","volume":"51","author":"B Magnin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Magnin, B. et al. Support vector machine-based classification of Alzheimer\u2019s disease from whole-brain anatomical MRI. Neuroradiology 51, 73\u201383, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-008-0463-x (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"28768_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46720-7_31","volume":"9900","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Zhu, X., Kim, M., Shen, D. & Wu, G. Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Joint Feature Selection and Classification on Temporally Structured Support Vector Machine. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 9900, 264\u2013272, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46720-7_31 (2016).","journal-title":"Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv"},{"key":"28768_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142820","volume":"47","author":"Y Zhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhan, Y. et al. Identification of Conversion from Normal Elderly Cognition to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease using Multimodal Support Vector Machine. J Alzheimers Dis 47, 1057\u20131067, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-142820 (2015).","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"28768_CR30","first-page":"300","volume":"15","author":"YW Kang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kang, Y. W., Na, D. L. & Hahn, S. H. A validity study on the korean mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients. 15, 300\u2013308 (1997).","journal-title":"A validity study on the korean mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients."},{"key":"28768_CR31","unstructured":"Kang, Y. W. & Na, D. L. Seoul verbal learning test (SVLT). (Human Brain Research and Consulting Co, 2003)."},{"key":"28768_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","volume":"34","author":"G McKhann","year":"1984","unstructured":"McKhann, G. et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Neurology 34, 939\u2013944 (1984).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"28768_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","volume":"256","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petersen, R. C. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med 256, 183\u2013194, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x (2004).","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"28768_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.001","volume":"10","author":"F Jessen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jessen, F. et al. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement 10, 844\u2013852, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.001 (2014).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"28768_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables, W. N., Ripley, B. D. & Venables, W. N. Modern applied statistics with S. 4th edn, (Springer, 2002).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-28768-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-28768-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-28768-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T07:17:15Z","timestamp":1671607035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-28768-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-28768-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"10421"}}