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Overall, our data showed that both low (43\u2009\u00b0C) and high (45\u2009\u00b0C) hyperthermic exposures were capable of inducing cell death by activating all apoptotic pathways but in a rather distinct manner. More specifically, low hyperthermia induced extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways both of which activated caspase 6 only as opposed to high hyperthermia which was mediated by the combined effects of caspases 3, 7 and 6. Furthermore, significant involvement of the ER was evident (under both hyperthermic conditions) suggesting its role in regulating apoptosis via activation of CHOP. Our data revealed that while low hyperthermia activated IRE-1 and ATF6 only, high hyperthermia induced activation of PERK as well suggesting that ultimately these ER stress sensors can lead to the induction of CHOP via different pathways of transmitted signals. Finally, combinational treatment protocols revealed an effect of hyperthermia in potentiating the therapeutic effectiveness of non-targeted as well as targeted drugs utilized in the clinical setting. Overall, our findings support evidence into hyperthermia\u2019s therapeutic potential in treating human malignant melanoma by elucidating the underlying mechanisms of its complex apoptotic induction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29018-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]],"date-time":"2018-07-10T11:55:51Z","timestamp":1531223751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Hyperthermia induces therapeutic effectiveness and potentiates adjuvant therapy with non-targeted and targeted drugs in an in vitro model of human malignant melanoma"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Mantso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Vasileiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Anestopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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