{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:19:11Z","timestamp":1791951551984,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study utilizes autofluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) along with multivariate spectral analysis for differentiating various stages of hepatic fibrosis. AFS has recently emerged as an efficient tool for evaluating the variations in different endogenous flurophores. In this study, the potential of AFS for differentiating the stages of liver fibrosis is assessed and compared with the results of enzyme evaluation, histopathology and the most advanced diagnostic tool, MRI. Using a fiber optic probe, the emission profile of the flurophores such as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), lipofuscin-like lipopigments (lipopigments), porphyrins and the variation in the total hemoglobin concentration are evaluated<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>on liver fibrosis induced animal models adopting a minimally invasive technique. Significant difference (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in the level of these biomarkers was observed between different stages of liver fibrosis. Normal hepatic tissue could be distinguished from mild and moderate hepatic fibrosis with a sensitivity of 95 to 100% and specificity of 90 to 100% using multivariate spectral analysis. The results are favourable to consider this technique as a potential tool for diagnosing liver fibrosis at an early stage, which is monumental as it otherwise can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29370-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T08:58:55Z","timestamp":1531731535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Fluorescence spectroscopy as an efficient tool for staging the degree of liver fibrosis: an in vivo comparison with MRI"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shaiju S.","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariya","family":"Saraswathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin J.","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-9879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramapurath S.","family":"Jayasree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"29370_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078921","volume":"8","author":"A Sahu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sahu, A., Dalal, K., Naglot, S., Aggarwal, P. & Murali Krishna, C. Serum Based Diagnosis of Asthma Using Raman Spectroscopy: An Early Phase Pilot Study. PLOS ONE 8, e78921 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"29370_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.09.003","volume":"92","author":"SS Nazeer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nazeer, S. S. et al. Infrared spectroscopic imaging: Label-free biochemical analysis of stroma and tissue fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 92, 14\u201317 (2017).","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"29370_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN02074G","volume":"142","author":"SS Nazeer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nazeer, S. S. et al. Monitoring the biochemical alterations in hypertension affected salivary gland tissues using Fourier transform infrared hyperspectral imaging. Analyst 142, 1269\u20131275 (2017).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"29370_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2013.3547","volume":"31","author":"C Venugopal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venugopal, C., Nazeer, S. S., Balan, A. & Jayasree, R. S. Autofluorescence spectroscopy augmented by multivariate analysis as a potential noninvasive tool for early diagnosis of oral cavity disorders. Photomed Laser Surg 31, 605\u2013612 (2013).","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"29370_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"087006","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3608923","volume":"16","author":"S Nazeer Shaiju","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nazeer Shaiju, S. et al. Habits with killer instincts: in vivo analysis on the severity of oral mucosal alterations using autofluorescence spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt 16, 087006 (2011).","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"29370_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025602","DOI":"10.1088\/1054-660X\/24\/2\/025602","volume":"24","author":"SN Shaiju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaiju, S. N., Ariya, S., Arun Kumar, G. & Ramapurath, S. J. Fluorescence spectroscopy to discriminate neoplastic human brain lesions: a study using the spectral intensity ratio and multivariate linear discriminant analysis. Laser Physics 24, 025602 (2014).","journal-title":"Laser Physics"},{"key":"29370_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2008.2316","volume":"27","author":"A Saraswathy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saraswathy, A., Jayasree, R. S., Baiju, K. V., Gupta, A. K. & Pillai, V. P. M. Optimum Wavelength for the Differentiation of Brain Tumor Tissue Using Autofluorescence Spectroscopy. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27, 425\u2013433 (2009).","journal-title":"Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"},{"key":"29370_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"067002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.6.067002","volume":"18","author":"SS Nazeer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nazeer, S. S., Saraswathy, A., Gupta, A. K. & Jayasree, R. S. Fluorescence spectroscopy as a highly potential single-entity tool to identify chromophores and fluorophores: study on neoplastic human brain lesions. J Biomed Opt 18, 067002 (2013).","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"29370_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"057013","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.5.057013","volume":"19","author":"SS Nazeer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nazeer, S. S. et al. Noninvasive assessment of the risk of tobacco abuse in oral mucosa using fluorescence spectroscopy: a clinical approach. J Biomed Opt 19, 057013 (2014).","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"29370_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201100037","volume":"4","author":"JL Jayanthi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jayanthi, J. L., Subhash, N., Stephen, M., Philip, E. K. & Beena, V. T. Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic performance of autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance in oral cancer detection: a clinical study. J Biophotonics 4, 696\u2013706 (2011).","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"29370_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000071","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000071","volume":"1","author":"JL Jayanthi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jayanthi, J. L. et al. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: diagnostic accuracy of a non-invasive screening technique for early detection of malignant changes in the oral cavity. BMJ Open 1, e000071 (2011).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"29370_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20122","volume":"36","author":"DC de Veld","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Veld, D. C. et al. Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology. Lasers Surg Med 36, 356\u2013364 (2005).","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"29370_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2012.05.002","volume":"9","author":"D Fabila","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fabila, D. et al. In vivo assessment of liver fibrosis using diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy: A proof of concept. Photodiagn Photodyn 9, 376\u2013382 (2012).","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn"},{"key":"29370_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2008.2355","volume":"27","author":"PS Haris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haris, P. S., Balan, A., Jayasree, R. S. & Gupta, A. K. Autofluorescence spectroscopy for the in vivo evaluation of oral submucous fibrosis. Photomed Laser Surg 27, 757\u2013761 (2009).","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"29370_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1080","volume":"23","author":"DC Fernandez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fernandez, D. C., Bhargava, R., Hewitt, S. M. & Levin, I. W. Infrared spectroscopic imaging for histopathologic recognition. Nat Biotechnol 23, 469\u2013474 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"29370_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3046195","volume":"1075","author":"P Venkatachalam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Venkatachalam, P., Rao, L. L., Kumar, N. K., Jose, A. & Nazeer, S. S. Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Based on FT-IR Spectroscopy. AIP Conference Proceedings 1075, 144\u2013148 (2008).","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"29370_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46896","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA06140C","volume":"4","author":"K Gurushankar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gurushankar, K. et al. Endogenous porphyrin fluorescence as a biomarker for monitoring the anti-angiogenic effect in antitumor response to hesperetin loaded nanoparticles in experimental oral carcinogenesis. Rsc Adv 4, 46896\u201346906 (2014).","journal-title":"Rsc Adv"},{"key":"29370_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9744","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY01877J","volume":"6","author":"M Gohulkumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gohulkumar, M., Nazeer, S. S., Jayasree, R. S., Gurushankar, K. & Krishnakumar, N. Monitoring the metabolic response to nanoencapsulated silibinin treatment in DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis using endogenous fluorescence. Analytical Methods 6, 9744\u20139753 (2014).","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"key":"29370_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1039\/C0AN00424C","volume":"136","author":"CV Durgadas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Durgadas, C. V., Sharma, C. P. & Sreenivasan, K. Fluorescent gold clusters as nanosensors for copper ions in live cells. Analyst 136, 933\u2013940 (2011).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"29370_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.09.025","volume":"751","author":"MJ Ruedas-Rama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruedas-Rama, M. J., Walters, J. D., Orte, A. & Hall, E. A. Fluorescent nanoparticles for intracellular sensing: a review. Anal Chim Acta 751, 1\u201323 (2012).","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"29370_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiang, Y.-C., Huang, C.-C., Chen, W.-Y., Chen, P.-C. & Chang, H.-T. Fluorescent gold and silver nanoclusters for the analysis of biopolymers and cell imaging. Journal of Materials Chemistry 22 (2012).","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm30563a"},{"key":"29370_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.80033","volume":"15","author":"K Nanda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nanda, K., Ranganathan, K., Umadevi, K. & Joshua, E. A rapid and noninvasive method to detect dried saliva stains from human skin using fluorescent spectroscopy. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 15, 22\u201325 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology"},{"key":"29370_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201100089","volume":"5","author":"V Prabhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prabhu, V. et al. Spectroscopic and histological evaluation of wound healing progression following Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT). J Biophotonics 5, 168\u2013184 (2012).","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"29370_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/1050-1738(91)90024-9","volume":"1","author":"LI Deckelbaum","year":"1991","unstructured":"Deckelbaum, L. I. Fluorescence spectroscopy in cardiovascular disease Fundamental concepts and clinical applications. Trends Cardiovasc Med 1, 171\u2013176 (1991).","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"29370_CR25","first-page":"1122","volume":"3","author":"I IONI\u0162\u0102","year":"2009","unstructured":"IONI\u0162\u0102, I. Early diagnosis of tooth decay using fluorescence and polarized Raman spectroscopy. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials 3, 1122\u20131126 (2009).","journal-title":"Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials"},{"key":"29370_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007117","volume":"19","author":"FX Bosch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bosch, F. X., Ribes, J. & Borras, J. Epidemiology of primary liver cancer. Semin Liver Dis 19, 271\u2013285 (1999).","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"29370_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910510611","volume":"51","author":"HO Adami","year":"1992","unstructured":"Adami, H. O. et al. Alcoholism and liver cirrhosis in the etiology of primary liver cancer. Int J Cancer 51, 898\u2013902 (1992).","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"29370_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.2.218","volume":"163","author":"E Giannini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Giannini, E. et al. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med 163, 218\u2013224 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"29370_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970215)79:4<688::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"79","author":"K Tarao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tarao, K. et al. Relationship between the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and serum alanine aminotransferase levels in hepatectomized patients with hepatitis C virus-associated cirrhosis and HCC. Cancer 79, 688\u2013694 (1997).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"29370_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06373-9","volume":"353","author":"T Albrecht","year":"1999","unstructured":"Albrecht, T. et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis by transit-time analysis of an ultrasound contrast agent. Lancet 353, 1579\u20131583 (1999).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"29370_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2171(95)90011-X","volume":"16","author":"WJ Zwiebel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zwiebel, W. J. Sonographic diagnosis of diffuse liver disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 16, 8\u201315 (1995).","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"29370_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.05.023","volume":"51","author":"NF Schwenzer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schwenzer, N. F. et al. Non-invasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance. J Hepatol 51, 433\u2013445 (2009).","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"29370_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.02.034","volume":"117","author":"A Saraswathy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saraswathy, A. et al. Citrate coated iron oxide nanoparticles with enhanced relaxivity for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of liver fibrosis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 117, 216\u2013224 (2014).","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"29370_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.10.015","volume":"101","author":"A Saraswathy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saraswathy, A. et al. Synthesis and characterization of dextran stabilized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo MR imaging of liver fibrosis. Carbohydr Polym 101, 760\u2013768 (2014).","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"29370_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.014","volume":"50","author":"P Bedossa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bedossa, P. & Carrat, F. Liver biopsy: The best, not the gold standard. Journal of Hepatology 50, 1\u20133 (2009).","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"29370_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.069153","volume":"55","author":"J Foucher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Foucher, J. et al. Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): a prospective study. Gut 55, 403\u2013408 (2006).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"29370_CR37","first-page":"605","volume":"8","author":"NH Afdhal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Afdhal, N. H. Fibroscan (Transient Elastography) for the Measurement of Liver Fibrosis. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 8, 605\u2013607 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"key":"29370_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01507J","volume":"140","author":"SS Nazeer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nazeer, S. S., Sandhyamani, S. & Jayasree, R. S. Optical diagnosis of the progression and reversal of CCl4-induced liver injury in rodent model using minimally invasive autofluorescence spectroscopy. Analyst 140, 3773\u20133780 (2015).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"29370_CR39","first-page":"237","volume":"117","author":"C Constandinou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Constandinou, C., Henderson, N. & Iredale, J. P. Modeling liver fibrosis in rodents. Methods Mol Med 117, 237\u2013250 (2005).","journal-title":"Methods Mol Med"},{"key":"29370_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21251","volume":"32","author":"RJ Mallia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mallia, R. J. et al. Clinical grading of oral mucosa by curve-fitting of corrected autofluorescence using diffuse reflectance spectra. Head & Neck 32, 763\u2013779 (2010).","journal-title":"Head & Neck"},{"key":"29370_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3218763","volume":"36","author":"Q Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, Q. & Vo-Dinh, T. Spectral filtering modulation method for estimation of hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation based on a single fluorescence emission spectrum in tissue phantoms. Med Phys 36, 4819\u20134829 (2009).","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"29370_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12779","volume":"47","author":"AC Croce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Croce, A. C. et al. Fatty liver oxidative events monitored by autofluorescence optical diagnosis: Comparison between subnormothermic machine perfusion and conventional cold storage preservation. Hepatol Res 47, 668\u2013682 (2017).","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"29370_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.001219","volume":"6","author":"DA Haidar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haidar, D. A., Leh, B., Zanello, M. & Siebert, R. Spectral and lifetime domain measurements of rat brain tumors. Biomed Opt Express 6, 1219\u20131233 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"29370_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320310618","volume":"31","author":"DN Palmer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Palmer, D. N. et al. Ovine ceroid-lipofuscinosis I: Lipopigment composition is indicative of a lysosomal proteinosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics 31, 141\u2013158 (1988).","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"29370_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.12.032","volume":"42","author":"HP Schlemmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schlemmer, H. P. et al. Hepatic phospholipids in alcoholic liver disease assessed by proton-decoupled 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Hepatol 42, 752\u2013759 (2005).","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"29370_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02416.x","volume":"49","author":"SG Hubscher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hubscher, S. G. Histological assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Histopathology 49, 450\u2013465 (2006).","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"29370_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/402394","volume":"2009","author":"J Kaczynski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaczynski, J., Hansson, G. & Wallerstedt, S. Increased Porphyrins in Primary Liver Cancer Mainly Reflect a Parallel Liver Disease. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2009, 6 (2009).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Research and Practice"},{"key":"29370_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"037004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3558840","volume":"16","author":"Q Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. Compact point-detection fluorescence spectroscopy system for quantifying intrinsic fluorescence redox ratio in brain cancer diagnostics. J Biomed Opt 16, 037004 (2011).","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"29370_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895787","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/895787","volume":"2012","author":"H Maruyama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maruyama, H. & Yokosuka, O. Pathophysiology of portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Int J Hepatol 2012, 895787 (2012).","journal-title":"Int J Hepatol"},{"key":"29370_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5339","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201201266","volume":"51","author":"S Stockel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stockel, S., Meisel, S., Elschner, M., Rosch, P. & Popp, J. Raman spectroscopic detection of anthrax endospores in powder samples. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 51, 5339\u20135342 (2012).","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"29370_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21972","volume":"47","author":"JA Talwalkar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Talwalkar, J. A. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of hepatic fibrosis: emerging clinical applications. Hepatology 47, 332\u2013342 (2008).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"29370_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21747","volume":"46","author":"M Lewin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lewin, M. et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 46, 658\u2013665 (2007).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"29370_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80108-1","volume":"22","author":"F Farinati","year":"1995","unstructured":"Farinati, F. et al. Iron storage, lipid peroxidation and glutathione turnover in chronic anti-HCV positive hepatitis. J Hepatol 22, 449\u2013456 (1995).","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"29370_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6931","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i22.6931","volume":"21","author":"Q-L Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen, Q.-L. et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis by Fibroscan as compared to liver biopsy in biliary atresia. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG 21, 6931\u20136936 (2015).","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29370-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29370-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29370-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T08:08:11Z","timestamp":1720426091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29370-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-29370-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"10967"}}