{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:50:24Z","timestamp":1793901024562,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,16]],"date-time":"2018-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,16]],"date-time":"2018-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81402693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81402693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Updating the worldwide prevalence estimates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has significant applications for the further study of ADHD. However, previous reviews included few samples of Chinese children and adolescents. To conduct a systematic review of ADHD prevalence in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan to determine the possible causes of the varied estimates in Chinese samples and to offer a reference for computing the worldwide pooled prevalence. We searched for PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, WANFANG DATA, and China Science Periodical Database databases with time and language restrictions. A total of 67 studies covering 642,266 Chinese children and adolescents were included. The prevalence estimates of ADHD in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan were 6.5%, 6.4%, and 4.2%, respectively, with a pooled estimate of 6.3%. Multivariate meta-regression analyses indicated that the year of data collection, age, and family socioeconomic status of the participants were significantly associated with the prevalence estimates. Our findings suggest that geographic location plays a limited role in the large variability of ADHD prevalence estimates. Instead, the variability may be explained primarily by the years of data collection, and children\u2019s socioeconomic backgrounds, and methodological characteristics of studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29488-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T15:06:47Z","timestamp":1531926407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["The Prevalence of Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder among Chinese Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Anni","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunwen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"29488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X","volume":"387","author":"A Thapar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thapar, A. & Cooper, M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 387, 1240\u20131250, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)00238-x (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"29488_CR2","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases (DSM-IV), 4th ed. (American Psychiatric Publishing, 1994)."},{"key":"29488_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: diagnosticcriteria for research. (WHO, 1993)"},{"key":"29488_CR4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a public health research agenda, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/adhd\/research.html (2017)."},{"key":"29488_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85s","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199710001-00007","volume":"36","author":"M Dulcan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dulcan, M. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 85s\u2013121s (1997).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"29488_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11450-7","volume":"351","author":"JM Swanson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Swanson, J. M. et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Lancet 351, 429\u2013433 (1998).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"29488_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 182\u2013193 (2000).","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200002000-00018"},{"key":"29488_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2514","volume":"9","author":"I Singh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singh, I. Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 9, 957\u2013964, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2514 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"29488_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12381","volume":"56","author":"GV Polanczyk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A. & Rohde, L. A. Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 56, 345\u2013365, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12381 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines"},{"key":"29488_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/0954026021000046155","volume":"15","author":"H Meltzer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R. & Ford, T. Mental health of children and adolescents in Great Britain. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 15, 185\u2013187, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0954026021000046155 (2003).","journal-title":"International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"29488_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","volume":"164","author":"G Polanczyk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J. & Rohde, L. A. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. The American journal of psychiatry 164, 942\u2013948, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942 (2007).","journal-title":"The American journal of psychiatry"},{"key":"29488_CR12","unstructured":"H. R., B. The diagnostic classification, epidemiology and cross-cultural validity of ADHD, in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: state of the science: bestpPractices. (Civic Research Institute, 2002)."},{"key":"29488_CR13","first-page":"104","volume":"2","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2003","unstructured":"Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J., Gillberg, C. & Biederman, J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) 2, 104\u2013113 (2003).","journal-title":"World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA)"},{"key":"29488_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0135-8","volume":"9","author":"EG Willcutt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Willcutt, E. G. The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics: the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 9, 490\u2013499, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-012-0135-8 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics: the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics"},{"key":"29488_CR15","first-page":"47","volume":"6","author":"Provincial Psychiatric Hospital","year":"1981","unstructured":"Provincial Psychiatric Hospital. An investigation report on minor brain dysfunction in five primary schools in Guiyang city. Guizhou Medical Journal 6, 47\u201349 (1981).","journal-title":"Guizhou Medical Journal"},{"key":"29488_CR16","first-page":"4892","volume":"26","author":"BC Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang, B. C. et al. Survey of ADHD among primary and middle school students in urban area of Guiyang city. Maternal and Child Health Care of China 26, 4892\u20134894 (2011).","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Care of China"},{"key":"29488_CR17","first-page":"114","volume":"15","author":"ML Zhang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zhang, M. L., Bai, G. L., Yang, Q. L., Cao, G. H. & Qiao, Y. R. A survey of ADHD among children in Urban, & rural areas of Baotou. Inner Mongolia Medical Journal 15, 114\u2013115 (1995).","journal-title":"Inner Mongolia Medical Journal"},{"key":"29488_CR18","first-page":"1279","volume":"29","author":"L Tong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tong, L., Shi, H. & Zang, J. Prevalence of ADHD in children of China: a systematic review and meta analysis. Chinese Journal of Public Health 29, 1279\u20131283 (2013).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"29488_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp032387","volume":"352","author":"MD Rappley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rappley, M. D. Clinical practice. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. The New England journal of medicine 352, 165\u2013173, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp032387 (2005).","journal-title":"Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. The New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"44\u201355","key":"29488_CR20","first-page":"80","volume":"4","author":"C Duan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duan, C., Lv, L., Wang, Z. & Guo, J. The survival and development status of floating children in China: an analysis of the sixth population census data. South China Population 4(44\u201355), 80 (2013).","journal-title":"South China Population"},{"key":"29488_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200107000-00018","volume":"40","author":"X Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Behavioral and emotional problems in Chinese adolescents: parent and teacher reports. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 828\u2013836, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-200107000-00018 (2001).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"29488_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111223","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111223","volume":"9","author":"Y Xiaoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiaoli, Y. et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents in northeast China. PloS one 9, e111223, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0111223 (2014).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"29488_CR23","first-page":"45","volume":"23","author":"C Peng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peng, C., Ye, C. & Xie, K. Analysis of relation between middle school student study stress and their parents. Guide of Science&Education 23, 45\u201346 (2011).","journal-title":"Guide of Science&Education"},{"key":"29488_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2418","volume":"28","author":"Y Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, Y. & Lu, Z. Chinese high school students\u2019 academic stress and depressive symptoms: gender and school climate as moderators. Stress and health: journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress 28, 340\u2013346, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.2418 (2012).","journal-title":"Stress and health: journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress"},{"key":"29488_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","volume":"135","author":"R Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E. & Glasziou, P. Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 135, e994\u20131001, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-3482 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"29488_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261","volume":"43","author":"GV Polanczyk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polanczyk, G. V., Willcutt, E. G., Salum, G. A., Kieling, C. & Rohde, L. A. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. International journal of epidemiology 43, 434\u2013442, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyt261 (2014).","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"29488_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K143","volume":"42","author":"AG Winterstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Winterstein, A. G. et al. Utilization of pharmacologic treatment in youths with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in Medicaid database. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 42, 24\u201331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1345\/aph.1K143 (2008).","journal-title":"The Annals of pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"29488_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200216020-00005","volume":"16","author":"LM Robison","year":"2002","unstructured":"Robison, L. M., Skaer, T. L., Sclar, D. A. & Galin, R. S. Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder increasing among girls in the US? Trends in diagnosis and the prescribing of stimulants. CNS drugs 16, 129\u2013137 (2002).","journal-title":"CNS drugs"},{"key":"29488_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289903800402","volume":"38","author":"LM Robison","year":"1999","unstructured":"Robison, L. M., Sclar, D. A., Skaer, T. L. & Galin, R. S. National trends in the prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and the prescribing of methylphenidate among school-age children: 1990-1995. Clinical pediatrics 38, 209\u2013217, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000992289903800402 (1999).","journal-title":"Clinical pediatrics"},{"key":"29488_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2012.01.003","volume":"12","author":"CF Garfield","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garfield, C. F. et al. Trends in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ambulatory diagnosis and medical treatment in the United States, 2000-2010. Academic pediatrics 12, 110\u2013116, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2012.01.003 (2012).","journal-title":"Academic pediatrics"},{"key":"29488_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-78","volume":"12","author":"S McCarthy","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCarthy, S. et al. The epidemiology of pharmacologically treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults in UK primary care. BMC pediatrics 12, 78, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-12-78 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC pediatrics"},{"key":"29488_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205700206","volume":"57","author":"MC Brault","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brault, M. C. & Lacourse, E. Prevalence of prescribed attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medications and diagnosis among Canadian preschoolers and school-age children: 1994-2007. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 57, 93\u2013101, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674371205700206 (2012).","journal-title":"Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie"},{"key":"29488_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12170","volume":"55","author":"G Russell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russell, G., Ford, T., Rosenberg, R. & Kelly, S. The association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with socioeconomic disadvantage: alternative explanations and evidence. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 55, 436\u2013445, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12170 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines"},{"key":"29488_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0578-3","volume":"47","author":"AE Russell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russell, A. E., Ford, T., Williams, R. & Russell, G. The Association Between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review. Child psychiatry and human development 47, 440\u2013458, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-015-0578-3 (2016).","journal-title":"Child psychiatry and human development"},{"key":"29488_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","volume":"65","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy, D. et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. Journal of clinical epidemiology 65, 934\u2013939, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014 (2012).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical epidemiology"},{"key":"29488_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729756","volume":"21","author":"MF Freeman","year":"1950","unstructured":"Freeman, M. F. & Tukey, J. W. Transformations related to the angular and the square root. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21, 607\u2013611 (1950).","journal-title":"The Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"key":"29488_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.15.235","volume":"15","author":"Y Hayashino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hayashino, Y., Noguchi, Y. & Fukui, T. Systematic evaluation and comparison of statistical tests for publication bias. Journal of epidemiology 15, 235\u2013243 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"29488_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","volume":"56","author":"S Duval","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duval, S. & Tweedie, R. Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56, 455\u2013463 (2000).","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"29488_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.03.003","volume":"67","author":"JP Hunter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hunter, J. P. et al. In meta-analyses of proportion studies, funnel plots were found to be an inaccurate method of assessing publication bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 67(8), 897\u2013903 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"29488_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J. & Altman, D. G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 327, 557\u2013560, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557 (2003).","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"29488_CR41","first-page":"122","volume":"9","author":"RC Wang","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wang, R. C. et al. A survey of children with hyperkinetic syndrome in Baoding city. Hebei Medical Journal 9, 122 (1987).","journal-title":"Hebei Medical Journal"},{"key":"29488_CR42","first-page":"90","volume":"9","author":"WB Tang","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tang, W. B. et al. Prevalence study of ADHD among children in Hexi district, Tianjin city. Chinese Journal of Public Health 9, 90 (1993).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"29488_CR43","first-page":"284","volume":"6","author":"LM Wang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wang, L. M. et al. An epidemiological survey on childhood hyperkinetic syndrome among aged 7-10 in Dongli district of Harbin, Harbin city. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science 6, 284\u2013286 (1997).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science"},{"key":"29488_CR44","first-page":"185","volume":"15","author":"JP Tang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tang, J. P., Tu, J., Cao, H. G., Yang, L. C. & Que, X. H. Investigation and analysis of children\u2019s attention deficit disorder in part of preschools, primary schools and secondary schools in Changsha city. Hunan Medical Journal 15, 185\u2013186 (1998).","journal-title":"Hunan Medical Journal"},{"key":"29488_CR45","first-page":"105","volume":"21","author":"YL Lin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lin, Y. L., Zhuang, H. C. & Zheng, Y. T. Investigation and analysis of ADHD among school age children in Putian county. Fujian Medical Journal 21, 105\u2013107 (1999).","journal-title":"Fujian Medical Journal"},{"key":"29488_CR46","first-page":"309","volume":"6","author":"JP Zhang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang, J. P. & Yu, A. P. Investigation on prevalence of ADHD among children aged 6-11 in Hefei city. Literature and information on preventive medicine 6, 309\u2013310 (2000).","journal-title":"Literature and information on preventive medicine"},{"key":"29488_CR47","first-page":"189","volume":"21","author":"H Jiang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jiang, H. et al. Investigation and analysis of ADHD among pupils in Pudong New Area. Chinese Journal of School Health 21, 189\u2013190 (2000).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of School Health"},{"key":"29488_CR48","first-page":"1238","volume":"25","author":"L Jiang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Chang, W. J., Su, Y., Liu, W. H. & Cao, G. W. Epidemiological survey of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in pupils of urban districts in Zhenjiang. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University 25, 1238\u20131240 (2004).","journal-title":"Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University"},{"issue":"479-480","key":"29488_CR49","first-page":"483","volume":"15","author":"XL Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, X. L. et al. Epidemiological investigation and analysis of information with ADHD of school age children in Xiamen. Chinese Journal of Child Health 15(479-480), 483 (2007).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Child Health"},{"key":"29488_CR50","first-page":"453","volume":"17","author":"XY Sun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sun, X. Y. et al. Investigation on the incidence of ADHD among children in Zibo City. Chinese Mental Health Journal 17, 453 (2003).","journal-title":"Chinese Mental Health Journal"},{"issue":"370","key":"29488_CR51","first-page":"386","volume":"12","author":"SZ Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen, S. Z. et al. Incidence and related factors of ADHD in children of Guilin city. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 12(370), 386\u2013387 (2004).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"29488_CR52","first-page":"762","volume":"12","author":"WG Ying","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ying, W. G. & Zhu, X. Y. Prevalence study of ADHD among children in a primary school, Mudan district, Heze city. Preventive Medicine Tribune 12, 762 (2006).","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Tribune"},{"key":"29488_CR53","first-page":"366","volume":"7","author":"Kulibahan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kulibahan, Li, D. M., Yeerken, Ruo, M. & Panggejiapu Investigation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among the ethnic Han and Kazakh students from Kuntun city of Xinjiang. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, 366\u2013368 (2005).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics"},{"issue":"149-150","key":"29488_CR54","first-page":"153","volume":"16","author":"ZM Huangfu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huangfu, Z. M. Study on epidemic and family factors of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Foshan city. China Journal of Modern Medicine 16(149-150), 153 (2006).","journal-title":"China Journal of Modern Medicine"},{"key":"29488_CR55","first-page":"415","volume":"28","author":"L Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu, L., Wen, J., Du, Y., Hai, J. J. & Ma, X. B. A cross-sectional study of ADHD among children in part regions of Ningxia. Journal of Ningxia Medical College 28, 415\u2013417 (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of Ningxia Medical College"},{"key":"29488_CR56","first-page":"23","volume":"15","author":"W Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Liu, X. P., Gu, Q., Liao, R. & Ran, L. W. An epidemiological investigation of ADHD in six cities. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 15, 23\u201325 (2007).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"29488_CR57","first-page":"34","volume":"19","author":"BF Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang, B. F., Song, H. M., Liu, X. H., Lin, R. & Wang, B. B. Prevalence of ADHD and its influencing factors in Jining city. Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medcine 19, 34\u201337 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medcine"},{"key":"29488_CR58","first-page":"252","volume":"19","author":"JF Ba","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ba, J. F., Huo, B. Y. & Hu, B. T. An Epidemiological Survey Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among School-age Children In Huaibei. Henan Journal of Preventive medicine 19, 252\u2013253 (2008).","journal-title":"Henan Journal of Preventive medicine"},{"key":"29488_CR59","first-page":"164","volume":"21","author":"D Sun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sun, D., Yang, Y., Song, Y. & Yu, S. C. An epidemiological survey of ADHD among pupils in Mudanjiang city. Sichuan Mental Health 21, 164\u2013166 (2008).","journal-title":"Sichuan Mental Health"},{"key":"29488_CR60","first-page":"650","volume":"35","author":"DF Sun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sun, D. F., Yi, M. J., Li, M. & Li, Y. L. An investigation of ADHD and family environment in 8235 school children aged 4-16 years in Northern Shandong. Chinese Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 35, 650\u2013654 (2009).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases"},{"key":"29488_CR61","first-page":"116","volume":"23","author":"H Jiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jiang, H. et al. An epidemiological survey on ADHD in school age children of Weihai. Journal of Psychiatry 23, 116\u2013118 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"29488_CR62","first-page":"1350","volume":"19","author":"XL Chang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chang, X. L., Zhang, Y. & Wang, H. Y. An epidemiological survey of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among preschool children in Zhenjiang. China Journal of Health Psychology 19, 1350\u20131352 (2011).","journal-title":"China Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"29488_CR63","first-page":"883","volume":"23","author":"LT Han","year":"2011","unstructured":"Han, L. T., Han, J. Y., Huang, G. Y. & Li, J. W. An epidemiological investigation of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and related factors in Liaoyang city, Liaoning province. Medical Journal of Chinese People\u2019s Health 23, 883\u2013887 (2011).","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Chinese People\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"47","key":"29488_CR64","first-page":"54","volume":"11","author":"HM Wang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wang, H. M., Zhang, H. Q., Liang, Y. Y. & Zhang, P. Y. An epidemiological investigation of ADHD among children in Taiyuan city. Chinese Mental Health Journal 11(47), 54 (1997).","journal-title":"Chinese Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"29488_CR65","first-page":"368","volume":"12","author":"PF Zhao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhao, P. F. & Xie, H. An epidemiological investigation of children\u2019s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Shaodong county. Practical Preventive Medicine 12, 368 (2005).","journal-title":"Practical Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"29488_CR66","first-page":"587","volume":"19","author":"M Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu, M. An investigation of children\u2019s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Fuan city. Chinese Journal of School Doctor 19, 587\u2013588 (2005).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of School Doctor"},{"key":"29488_CR67","first-page":"522","volume":"24","author":"D Liang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liang, D., Wang, Y. & Li, C. H. An epidemiological survey of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among students aged 6-18 years old in Central Districts, Changchun city. Maternal and Child Health Care of China 24, 522\u2013524 (2009).","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Care of China"},{"key":"29488_CR68","first-page":"3517","volume":"8","author":"SW Tang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tang, S. W. & Shao, H. A survey of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among preschool children in Urumqi. Chinese Journal of Misdiagnostics 8, 3517\u20133518 (2008).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Misdiagnostics"},{"key":"29488_CR69","first-page":"204","volume":"16","author":"ST Shi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shi, S. T. et al. An epidemiological survey of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in four ethnic groups in Yunnan. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care 16, 204\u2013206 (2008).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Child Health Care"},{"key":"29488_CR70","first-page":"3651","volume":"36","author":"M Guo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guo, M. et al. Study and logistic analysis on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among 633 pupils. Modern Preventive Medicine 36, 3651\u20133653 (2009).","journal-title":"Modern Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"29488_CR71","first-page":"123","volume":"12","author":"BQ Guan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guan, B. Q. et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in primary and middle school students in Hunan Province. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 12, 123\u2013127 (2010).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics"},{"key":"29488_CR72","first-page":"77","volume":"51","author":"HL Guo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guo, H. L. & Chen, G. An investigation on related factors of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children aged 6\u201316 years in Binzhou area. Shandong Medical Journal 51, 77\u201378 (2011).","journal-title":"Shandong Medical Journal"},{"key":"29488_CR73","unstructured":"Wang, S. Y. et al. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its related factors among 6\u201313-year-old school children in Lanzhou city. Practical Clinical Medicine 16, 90\u201395, 101 (2015)."},{"key":"29488_CR74","first-page":"68","volume":"26","author":"GQ Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, G. Q. Investigation and Analysis on related factors of children\u2019s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Cixi city. Modern Practical Medicine 26, 68\u201369 (2014).","journal-title":"Modern Practical Medicine"},{"key":"29488_CR75","first-page":"179","volume":"12","author":"F Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, F., Liao, L. H. & Jiang, Z. S. Analysis of related factors of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children between 6 and 12 years old in Liuzhou. Contemporary Medicine Forum 12, 179\u2013181 (2014).","journal-title":"Contemporary Medicine Forum"},{"key":"29488_CR76","first-page":"19","volume":"16","author":"L Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu, L., He, C., Zhou, Y. & Luo, H. Y. Epidemiological investigation and model study of correction and interference on children\u2019s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Huizhou city\u2019s primary school students. Chinese Journal of Practical Neruous Diseases 16, 19\u201321 (2013).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Practical Neruous Diseases"},{"key":"29488_CR77","first-page":"144","volume":"24","author":"LZ Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, L. Z., Liu, J. & Wei, Y. R. Relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children and child neglect. Chinese Journal of Woman and Child Health Research 24, 144\u2013146 (2013).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Woman and Child Health Research"},{"key":"29488_CR78","first-page":"43","volume":"8","author":"HY Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, H. Y. & Lu, G. L. Preliminary exploration of children attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders. China Practical Medical 8, 43\u201345 (2013).","journal-title":"China Practical Medical"},{"key":"29488_CR79","first-page":"32","volume":"42","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, Y., Huang, M. X., Yu, Q. & Zhao, B. Investigation of children and adolescents with attention defict hyperactivity disorder combinded with conduct disorder. Journal of International Psychiatry 42, 32\u201335 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of International Psychiatry"},{"key":"29488_CR80","unstructured":"Jiang, H. J. & Lu, H. Y. Analysis of influencing factors of children\u2019s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Dongyang city. Chinese Journal of Public Health Management 31, 594\u2013595, 600 (2015)."},{"key":"29488_CR81","first-page":"1734","volume":"29","author":"L Shi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shi, L. & Wang, F. Epidemiological survey of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children aged 4-9 years old in Leshan city, Sichuan Province. Maternal and Child Health Care of China 29, 1734\u20131735 (2014).","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Care of China"},{"key":"29488_CR82","first-page":"60","volume":"35","author":"CJ Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, C. J., Ai, R. & Deng, B. ADHD among preschool students in Guiyang kindergartens. Chinese Journal of School Health 35, 60\u201361 (2014).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of School Health"},{"key":"29488_CR83","first-page":"996","volume":"28","author":"AP Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, A. P., Wang, D., Luo, X. P. & He, X. Z. An investigation of influencing factors of children\u2019s attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in Yiwu city. Maternal and Child Health Care of China 28, 996\u2013998 (2013).","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Care of China"},{"key":"29488_CR84","first-page":"364","volume":"8","author":"LP Meng","year":"1999","unstructured":"Meng, L. P., Zhao, Z. H., Zheng, F. L., Jiang, Y. R. & Huo, K. M. Epidemiological study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of the children in Jiaozuo. Henan Medical Research 8, 364\u2013365 (1999).","journal-title":"Henan Medical Research"},{"key":"29488_CR85","first-page":"35","volume":"4","author":"P Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shen, P. Survey report on 2397 students\u2019 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Jiangsu Education Research 4, 35\u201338 (2013).","journal-title":"Jiangsu Education Research"},{"key":"29488_CR86","first-page":"314","volume":"15","author":"CR Wang","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wang, C. R., Min, P. C. & Lin, X. W. Investigation and treatment report of mild brain dysfunction in 3804 pupils in Hengyang city. Journal of Hengyang Medical College 15, 314\u2013315 (1987).","journal-title":"Journal of Hengyang Medical College"},{"issue":"1204-1205","key":"29488_CR87","first-page":"1208","volume":"35","author":"XL Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, X. L. & Maihefulaiti, K. Epidemiology of attention defict hyperactivity disorder among Urumqi children aged 6 to 14. Chinese Journal of School Health 35(1204-1205), 1208 (2014).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of School Health"},{"key":"29488_CR88","first-page":"1756","volume":"11","author":"Z Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo, Z. & Xu, F. Z. The analysis of risk factors of preschool children with ADHD in industrially developed rural areas. Chinese Journal of General Practice 11, 1756\u20131757 (2013).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of General Practice"},{"key":"29488_CR89","first-page":"136","volume":"30","author":"M He","year":"2014","unstructured":"He, M., Su, Z., Peng, R. C. & Fan, Y. Q. Prevalence survey analysis of preschoolers obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in liwan district of Guangzhou city. Chinese Community Doctors 30, 136\u2013138 (2014).","journal-title":"Chinese Community Doctors"},{"key":"29488_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12114","volume":"6","author":"W Jin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jin, W., Du, Y., Zhong, X. & David, C. Prevalence and contributing factors to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a study of five- to fifteen-year-old children in Zhabei District, Shanghai. Asia-Pacific psychiatry: official journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists 6, 397\u2013404, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/appy.12114 (2014).","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific psychiatry: official journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists"},{"key":"29488_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-008-0687-7","volume":"17","author":"PW Leung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leung, P. W. et al. Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders in Chinese adolescents and the effects of an impairment criterion: a pilot community study in Hong Kong. European child & adolescent psychiatry 17, 452\u2013461, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-008-0687-7 (2008).","journal-title":"European child & adolescent psychiatry"},{"key":"29488_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1344","volume":"162","author":"SS Gau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gau, S. S., Chong, M. Y., Chen, T. H. & Cheng, A. T. A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. The American journal of psychiatry 162, 1344\u20131350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1344 (2005).","journal-title":"The American journal of psychiatry"},{"key":"29488_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.4.486","volume":"168","author":"PW Leung","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leung, P. W. et al. The diagnosis and prevalence of hyperactivity in Chinese schoolboys. The British journal of psychiatry: the journal of mental science 168, 486\u2013496 (1996).","journal-title":"The British journal of psychiatry: the journal of mental science"},{"key":"29488_CR94","first-page":"116","volume":"9","author":"L Lu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lu, L., Shi, Q. J., Zhong, Y. F., Wang, Z. M. & Chen, Z. Y. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the related factors in children in Wuhan city: an analysis of 2199 questionnaries coming from 12 grades. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 9, 116\u2013118 (2005).","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"key":"29488_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.05.004","volume":"38","author":"LT Lam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lam, L. T., Yang, L., Zheng, Y., Ruan, C. & Lei, Z. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder tendency and unintentional injury among adolescents in China. Accident; analysis and prevention 38, 1176\u20131182, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2006.05.004 (2006).","journal-title":"Accident; analysis and prevention"},{"key":"29488_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0501-1","volume":"47","author":"IC Chien","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chien, I. C., Lin, C. H., Chou, Y. J. & Chou, P. Prevalence, incidence, and stimulant use of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan, 1996-2005: a national population-based study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 47, 1885\u20131890, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0501-1 (2012).","journal-title":"Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology"},{"key":"29488_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1985.tb00591.x","volume":"26","author":"YC Shen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shen, Y. C., Wang, Y. F. & Yang, X. L. An epidemiological investigation of minimal brain dysfunction in six elementary schools in Beijing. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 26, 777\u2013787 (1985).","journal-title":"Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines"},{"key":"29488_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9883-8","volume":"42","author":"WL Tseng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tseng, W. L., Kawabata, Y., Gau, S. S. & Crick, N. R. Symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and peer functioning: a transactional model of development. Journal of abnormal child psychology 42, 1353\u20131365, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-014-9883-8 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal child psychology"},{"key":"29488_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120505090","volume":"12","author":"Y Qu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qu, Y., Jiang, H., Zhang, N., Wang, D. & Guo, L. Prevalence of mental disorders in 6-16-year-old students in Sichuan province, China. International journal of environmental research and public health 12, 5090\u20135107, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph120505090 (2015).","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"key":"29488_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12371","volume":"24","author":"WR Ko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ko, W. R. et al. Exposure to general anesthesia in early life and the risk of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder development: a nationwide, retrospective matched-cohort study. Paediatric anaesthesia 24, 741\u2013748, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.12371 (2014).","journal-title":"Paediatric anaesthesia"},{"key":"29488_CR101","first-page":"141","volume":"4","author":"YR Xie","year":"1982","unstructured":"Xie, Y. R., Wei, X. C. & Zou, B. C. A survey of mild brain dysfunction among 2447 children in three primary schools in Xiufeng district, Guilin city. Guangxi Medical Journal 4, 141\u2013143 (1982).","journal-title":"Guangxi Medical Journal"},{"key":"29488_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12087","volume":"54","author":"MH Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, M. H. et al. Asthma and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population-based prospective cohort study. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 54, 1208\u20131214, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12087 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines"},{"key":"29488_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-161","volume":"13","author":"MH Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, M. H. et al. Association between psychiatric disorders and iron deficiency anemia among children and adolescents: a nationwide population-based study. BMC psychiatry 13, 161, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-13-161 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29488-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29488-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29488-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T02:47:53Z","timestamp":1671590873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29488-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,16]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-29488-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"11169"}}