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Data were collected from individuals \u226520 years old in the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort between 2002 and 2013. We designed two different nested case-control studies. In study I, 60,957 participants with depression were matched at a 1:4 ratio with 243,828 controls, and their previous histories of GERD were analyzed. In study II, 133,089 participants with GERD were matched at a 1:2 ratio with 266,178 controls, and their previous histories of depression were analyzed. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression analyses, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age and sex. The adjusted OR for GERD was 2.01 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.96\u20132.07) in the patients with depression (study I). The adjusted OR for depression was 1.48 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.43\u20131.52) in the patients with GERD (study II). The results of the subgroup analyses were consistent. GERD and depression displayed bidirectional associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29629-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T10:17:52Z","timestamp":1533032272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Bidirectional association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and depression: Two different nested case-control studies using a national sample cohort"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"So Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Jong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il Gyu","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1655-9549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo Geun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"29629_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.23736\/S1121-421X.17.02383-2","volume":"63","author":"E Savarino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savarino, E. et al. 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