{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1761401969062},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1052","874","1052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1052","874","1052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f&amp;#x00FC;r Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["nutriCARD","nutriCARD","nutriCARD","AdiposityDiseases"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nutriCARD","nutriCARD","nutriCARD","AdiposityDiseases"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we combined magnetic resonance imaging with lesion-symptom mapping in patients with chronic brain lesions to investigate brain representations of sugar and fat perception. Patients and healthy controls rated chocolate milkshakes that only differed in sugar or fat content. As compared to controls, patients showed an impaired fat, but not sugar perception. Impairments in fat perception overlapped with the anterior insula and frontal operculum, together assumed to underpin gustatory processing. We also identified the mid-dorsal insula as well as the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex - regions previously assumed to integrate oral-sensory inputs. These findings suggest that fat perception involves a specific set of brain regions that were previously reported to underpin gustatory processing and oral-sensory integration processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30366-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T10:38:35Z","timestamp":1533119915000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Fat perception in the human frontal operculum, insular and somatosensory cortex"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wistehube","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Wiacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Burkhard","family":"Pleger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"30366_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199901180-00002","volume":"10","author":"DM Small","year":"1999","unstructured":"Small, D. M. et al. Human Cortical Gustatory Areas: A Review of Functional Neuroimaging Data. Neuroreport 10, 7\u201314 (1999).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"30366_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/360339a0","volume":"360","author":"RJ Zatorre","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zatorre, R. J., Jones-Gotman, M., Evans, A. C. & Meyer, E. Functional Localization and Lateralization of Human Olfactory Cortex. Nature 360, 339\u2013340 (1992).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"30366_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp016984","volume":"397","author":"ET Rolls","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rolls, E. T., Scott, T. R., Sienkiewicz, Z. J. & Yaxley, S. The Responsiveness of Neurones in the Frontal Opercular Gustatory Cortex of the Macaque Monkey Is Independent of Hunger. J. Physiol. 397, 1\u201312 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"30366_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21188","volume":"32","author":"MG Veldhuizen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Veldhuizen, M. G. et al. Identification of human gustatory cortex by activation likelihood estimation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 32, 2256\u20132266 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"30366_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/78.4.445","volume":"78","author":"W Penfield","year":"1955","unstructured":"Penfield, W. & Faulk, M. E. Jr. The insula; further observations on its function. Brain 78, 445\u2013470 (1955).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"30366_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25010","volume":"82","author":"L Mazzola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mazzola, L. et al. Gustatory and olfactory responses to stimulation of the human insula. Ann. Neurol. 82, 360\u2013370 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"30366_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0255-z","volume":"214","author":"F Kurth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurth, F., Zilles, K., Fox, P. T., Laird, A. R. & Eickhoff, S. B. A link between the systems: functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis. Brain Struct. Funct. 214, 519\u2013534 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"30366_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.04.011","volume":"107","author":"DM Small","year":"2012","unstructured":"Small, D. M. Flavor is in the brain. Physiol. Behav. 107, 540\u2013552 (2012).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"30366_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0266-9","volume":"214","author":"DM Small","year":"2010","unstructured":"Small, D. M. Taste representation in the human insula. Brain Struct. Funct. 214, 551\u201361 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"30366_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.05.017","volume":"273","author":"E Iannilli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iannilli, E., Noennig, N., Hummel, T. & Schoenfeld, A. M. Spatio-temporal correlates of taste processing in the human primary gustatory cortex. Neuroscience 273, 92\u201399 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"30366_CR11","first-page":"339","volume":"110","author":"C Hausser-Hauw","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hausser-Hauw, C. & Bancaud, J. Gustatory hallucinations in epileptic seizures. Electrophysiological, clinical and anatomical correlates. Brain 110, 339\u2013359 (1987).","journal-title":"Electrophysiological, clinical and anatomical correlates. Brain"},{"key":"30366_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp169","volume":"20","author":"F Grabenhorst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grabenhorst, F., Rolls, E. T., Parris, B. A. & d\u2019Souza, A. A. How the brain represents the reward value of fat in the mouth. Cereb. Cortex 20, 1082\u20131091 (2010).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"30366_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00927.2010","volume":"105","author":"S Eldeghaidy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eldeghaidy, S. et al. The cortical response to the oral perception of fat emulsions and the effect of taster status. J. Neurophysiol. 105, 2572\u20132581 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"30366_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1050","volume":"6","author":"E Bates","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bates, E. et al. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 448\u201350 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"30366_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0130-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"IE de Araujo","year":"2004","unstructured":"de Araujo, I. E. & Rolls, E. T. Representation in the human brain of food texture and oral fat. J. Neurosci. 24, 3086\u20133093 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"30366_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.031492","volume":"95","author":"S Frank","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frank, S. et al. Fat intake modulates cerebral blood flow in homeostatic and gustatory brain areas in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95, 1342\u20131349 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"30366_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.062679","volume":"98","author":"S Frank","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frank, S. et al. Olive oil aroma extract modulates cerebral blood flow in gustatory brain areas in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98, 1360\u20131366 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"30366_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.01.003","volume":"282","author":"MF Areias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Areias, M. F. & Prada, P. O. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in the amygdala: influences on food intake. Behav. Brain. Res. 282, 209\u2013217 (2015).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain. Res."},{"key":"30366_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X07001392","volume":"30","author":"HC Dijkerman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dijkerman, H. C. & de Haan, E. H. F. Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action. Behav. Brain Sci. 30, 189\u2013201 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"30366_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu370","volume":"138","author":"S Preusser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Preusser, S. et al. The perception of touch and the ventral somatosensory pathway. Brain 138, 540\u2013548 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"30366_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.08.033","volume":"152","author":"JM Heinze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heinze, J. M., Preissl, H., Fritsche, A. & Frank, S. Controversies in fat perception. Physiol. Behav. 152, 479\u2013493 (2015).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"30366_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr2001-78","volume":"20","author":"TM Dutta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dutta, T. M. et al. Altered taste and stroke: A case report and literature review. Top Stroke Rehabil. 20, 78\u201386 (2013).","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"30366_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156333","volume":"11","author":"O Petit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petit, O. et al. Health and Pleasure in Consumers\u2019 Dietary Food Choices: Individual Differences in the Brain\u2019s Value System. PLoS. One 11, e0156333 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"30366_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.088","volume":"60","author":"E Iannilli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iannilli, E., Singh, P. B., Schuster, B., Gerber, J. & Hummel, T. Taste laterality studied by means of umami and salt stimuli: an fMRI study. NeuroImage 60, 426\u2013435 (2012).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"30366_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00005","volume":"6","author":"AJ Oliveira-Maia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oliveira-Maia, A. J. et al. The Insular Cortex Controls Food Preferences Independently of Taste Receptor Signaling. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 6, 5 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"30366_CR26","first-page":"233","volume":"10","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar, S. et al. Differences in Insula and Pre-\/Frontal Responses during Reappraisal of Food in Lean and Obese Humans. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 10, 233 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"30366_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)00041-1","volume":"18","author":"C Farrer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Farrer, C. et al. Modulating the Experience of Agency: A Positron Emission Tomography Study. NeuroImage 18, 324\u2013333 (2003).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"30366_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn894","volume":"3","author":"AD Craig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Craig, A. D. How Do You Feel? Interoception: The Sense of the Physiological Condition of the Body. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 655\u2013666 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"30366_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.04.004","volume":"8","author":"AD Craig","year":"2004","unstructured":"Craig, A. D. Human Feelings: Why Are Some More Aware than Others? Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 239\u2013241 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"30366_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.9.1727","volume":"42","author":"SM Oppenheimer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oppenheimer, S. M., Gelb, A., Girvin, J. P. & Hachinski, V. C. Cardiovascular Effects of Human Insular Cortex Stimulation. Neurology 42, 1727\u20131732 (1992).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"30366_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1590-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"H-O Karnath","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karnath, H.-O., Baier, B. & N\u00e4gele, T. Awareness of the functioning of one\u2019s own limbs mediated by the insular cortex? J. Neurosci. 25, 7134\u20137138 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"30366_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","volume":"10","author":"AD Craig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craig, A. D. How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 59\u201370 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"30366_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013361108","volume":"108","author":"H Takayasu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takayasu, H., Mars, R. B., Boorman, E. D., Buch, E. R. & Rushworth, M. F. S. Distributed and Causal Influence of Frontal Operculum in Task Control. PNAS. 108, 4230\u20134235 (2011).","journal-title":"PNAS."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-30366-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-30366-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-30366-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T08:08:35Z","timestamp":1671610115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-30366-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["30366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-30366-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"11825"}}