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We purchased 24 book sets from second-hand book markets. Twenty-three sets contained enough human hairs, which were non-destructively extracted from the thick, recycled paper of the book covers and used to measure the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values, found to be identical within each book set. Relatively low\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C values and high\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values suggested that people depended on rice, C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    vegetables, and fish, more exclusively than contemporary Japanese people. The relatively high\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C values found in Edo (Tokyo) might be associated with the preference for C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    millets by Edo people as a measure against beriberi (locally recognised as the Edo affliction). The\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values gradually increased over 200 years, indicating an increase in the contribution of marine fish both as food and fertiliser for rice fields as suggested by literature-based studies. Further collection of hairs from books will enable a thorough examination of regional and temporal variations to better understand the pre-globalised food culture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30617-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]],"date-time":"2018-08-08T09:50:34Z","timestamp":1533721834000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hairs in old books isotopically reconstruct the eating habits of early modern Japan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun\u2019ichiro","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayato","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Kohmatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Iriguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"30617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albala, K. 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