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It is also found in respiratory secretions from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In this study a variety of <jats:italic>E. dermatitidis<\/jats:italic> strains (isolates from Asia, environmental and CF) were characterized in their pathogenicity by survival analyzes using two different invertebrate host organisms, <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, the morphological development of hyphal formation was analyzed. <jats:italic>E. dermatitidis<\/jats:italic> exhibited pathogenicity in <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>. The virulence varied in a strain-dependent manner, but the nematodes were a limited model to study hyphal formation. Analysis of a melanin-deficient mutant (Mel-3) indicates that melanin plays a role during virulence processes in <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>. The strains isolated from Asian patients exhibited significantly higher virulence in <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> compared to strains from other sources. Histological analyzes also revealed a higher potential of invasive hyphal growth in strains isolated from Asian patients. Interestingly, no significant difference was found in virulence between the Mel-3 mutant and their wild type counterpart during infection in <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>. In conclusion, invasive hyphal formation of <jats:italic>E. dermatitidis<\/jats:italic> was associated with increased virulence. This work is the basis for future studies concerning <jats:italic>E. dermatitidis<\/jats:italic> virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30909-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T11:34:13Z","timestamp":1534764853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exophiala dermatitidis isolates from various sources: using alternative invertebrate host organisms (Caenorhabditis elegans and Galleria mellonella) to determine virulence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Maike","family":"Olsowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederike","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kirchhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Theegarten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Todt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eike","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Buer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter-Michael","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"30909_CR1","unstructured":"de Hoog, G. 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