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However, the devastating outbreak has spurred the development of novel Ebolavirus vaccines. Here, we demonstrate that alphavirus-based DNA-launched self-replicating RNA replicon vaccines (DREP) encoding either the glycoprotein (GP) gene or co-expressing the GP and VP40 genes of Sudan or Zaire Ebolavirus are immunogenic in mice inducing both binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as CD8 T cell responses. In addition, antibodies were cross-reactive against another Ebolavirus, although the specificity was higher for the vaccination antigen. DREP vaccines were more immunogenic than recombinant MVA vaccines expressing the same Ebolavirus antigens. However, a DREP prime followed by an MVA boost immunization regimen improved vaccine immunogenicity as compared to DREP and MVA homologous prime-boost immunizations. Moreover, we show that a bivalent approach targeting both Sudan and Zaire Ebolavirus can be employed without significant loss of immunity. This opens for further investigation of a pan-Ebolavirus or even a pan-filovirus vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31003-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T14:08:46Z","timestamp":1534255726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["DNA-launched RNA replicon vaccines induce potent anti-Ebolavirus immune responses that can be further improved by a recombinant MVA boost"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Pontus","family":"\u00d6hlund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Arriaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Zusinaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Szurgot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"M\u00e4nnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mart","family":"Ustav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Merits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Liljestr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Ljungberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"31003_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60667-8","volume":"377","author":"H Feldmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Feldmann, H. & Geisbert, T. W. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 377, 849\u2013862, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"31003_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.138","volume":"17","author":"JB Prescott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prescott, J. B. et al. Immunobiology of Ebola and Lassa virus infections. Nat Rev Immunol 17, 195\u2013207, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2016.138 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"31003_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411100","volume":"371","author":"WHO Ebola Response Team, A. B.","year":"2014","unstructured":"WHO Ebola Response Team, A. B. et al. Ebola virus disease in West Africa\u2013the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. 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