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For accuracy validation, 96 angular and 96 linear measurements were taken on a phantom in 3 different positions. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> MRI scans were performed on 3 volunteers in five head positions. For each <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> scan, 27 landmarks were determined from which 19 angles and 26 distances were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Bland-Altman analysis, the two\u00a0one-sided\u00a0tests\u00a0procedure and repeated measures one-way analysis of variance. In comparison to ground truth, all MRI-based phantom measurements showed statistical equivalence (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and an excellent agreement in Bland-Altman analysis (bias ranges: \u22120.090\u20130.044\u00b0, \u22120.220\u20130.241\u2009mm). <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> cephalometric analysis was highly reproducible among the five different head positions in all study participants, without statistical differences for all angles and distances (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Ranges between maximum and minimum <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> values were consistently smaller than 2\u00b0 and 2\u2009mm, respectively (average ranges: 0.88\u00b0\/0.87\u2009mm). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that accurate and reproducible 3D cephalometric analysis can be performed without exposure to ionizing radiation using MRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31384-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T11:39:27Z","timestamp":1535024367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["3D cephalometric analysis using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: validation of accuracy and reproducibility"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0556-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Juerchott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abdullah","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Hilgenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Freudlsperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Zingler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Lux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bendszus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Heiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"31384_CR1","first-page":"111","volume":"60","author":"S Baumrind","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baumrind, S. & Frantz, R. 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