{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:57:26Z","timestamp":1793249846489,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32GM066704-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32GM066704-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272201400019C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272201400019C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272201400019C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272201400019C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272201400019C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272201400019C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272201400019C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272201400019C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272201400019C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272201400019C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272201400019C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272201400019C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272201400019C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272201400019C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a range of serious infections associated with significant morbidity, by strains increasingly resistant to antibiotics. However, to date all candidate vaccines have failed to induce protective immune responses in humans. We need a more comprehensive understanding of the antigenic targets important in the context of human infection. To investigate infection-associated immune responses, patients were sampled at initial presentation and during convalescence from three types of clinical infection; skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and pediatric hematogenous osteomyelitis (PHO). Reactivity of serum IgG was tested with an array of recombinant proteins, representing over 2,652 <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>-translated open reading frames (ORFs) from a community-acquired methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> USA300 strain. High-level reactivity was demonstrated for 104 proteins with serum IgG in all patient samples. Overall, high-level IgG-reactivity was most commonly directed against a subset of secreted proteins. Although based on limited surveys, we found subsets of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> proteins with differential reactivity with serum samples from patients with different clinical syndromes. Together, our studies have revealed a hierarchy within the diverse proteins of the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> \u201cimmunome\u201d, which will help to advance efforts to develop protective immunotherapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31424-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T15:00:44Z","timestamp":1535641244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Hierarchy of human IgG recognition within the Staphylococcus aureus immunome"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-1005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E.","family":"Radke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0906-9907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Pelzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Fulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7126-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor J.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac P.","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy O.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Shopsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregg J.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"31424_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806","volume":"339","author":"FD Lowy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lowy, F. D. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 339, 520\u2013532, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806 (1998).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"31424_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.070629","volume":"13","author":"E Klein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klein, E., Smith, D. L. & Laxminarayan, R. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999\u20132005. Emerg Infect Dis 13, 1840\u20131846, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1312.070629 (2007).","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"31424_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","volume":"28","author":"SY Tong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tong, S. Y., Davis, J. S., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T. L. & Fowler, V. G. Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 28, 603\u2013661, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00134-14 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"31424_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.3.505","volume":"10","author":"J Kluytmans","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kluytmans, J., van Belkum, A. & Verbrugh, H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 10, 505\u2013520 (1997).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"31424_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","volume":"5","author":"HF Wertheim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wertheim, H. F. et al. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis 5, 751\u2013762, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4 (2005).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"31424_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00081-09","volume":"23","author":"MZ David","year":"2010","unstructured":"David, M. Z. & Daum, R. S. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev 23, 616\u2013687, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00081-09 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"31424_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2200","volume":"7","author":"HF Chambers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chambers, H. F. & Deleo, F. R. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol 7, 629\u2013641, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2200 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.3.323","volume":"2","author":"A Pantosti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pantosti, A., Sanchini, A. & Monaco, M. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2, 323\u2013334, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/17460913.2.3.323 (2007).","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winston, L. G. & Chambers, H. F. In Antimicrobial Drug Resistance 735\u2013748 (Humana Press, 2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-595-8_4"},{"key":"31424_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu214","volume":"6","author":"AJ McCarthy","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCarthy, A. J. et al. Extensive horizontal gene transfer during Staphylococcus aureus co-colonization in vivo. Genome Biol Evol 6, 2697\u20132708, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evu214 (2014).","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"31424_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-4065-z","volume":"18","author":"D Jamrozy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamrozy, D. et al. Evolution of mobile genetic element composition in an epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: temporal changes correlated with frequent loss and gain events. BMC Genomics 18, 684, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-017-4065-z (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"31424_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.014","volume":"41","author":"R Copin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Copin, R., Shopsin, B. & Torres, V. J. After the deluge: mining Staphylococcus aureus genomic data for clinical associations and host-pathogen interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 41, 43\u201350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.014 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160569","volume":"213","author":"D Missiakas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Missiakas, D. & Schneewind, O. Staphylococcus aureus vaccines: Deviating from the carol. J Exp Med 213, 1645\u20131653, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20160569 (2016).","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"31424_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.7.6.805","volume":"7","author":"JR Middleton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Middleton, J. R. Staphylococcus aureus antigens and challenges in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 7, 805\u2013815, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14760584.7.6.805 (2008).","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"31424_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00617-08","volume":"77","author":"E Glowalla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Glowalla, E., Tosetti, B., Kronke, M. & Krut, O. Proteomics-based identification of anchorless cell wall proteins as vaccine candidates against Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 77, 2719\u20132729, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00617-08 (2009).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"31424_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.110","volume":"34","author":"BK Giersing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giersing, B. K., Dastgheyb, S. S., Modjarrad, K. & Moorthy, V. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine 34, 2962\u20132966, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.110 (2016).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"31424_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.3010","volume":"309","author":"VG Fowler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fowler, V. G. et al. Effect of an investigational vaccine for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections after cardiothoracic surgery: a randomized trial. JAMA 309, 1368\u20131378, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.3010 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"31424_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00512","volume":"8","author":"D Parker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parker, D. Humanized Mouse Models of Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 8, 512, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00512 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"31424_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00016","volume":"2","author":"F Bagnoli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bagnoli, F., Bertholet, S. & Grandi, G. Inferring reasons for the failure of Staphylococcus aureus vaccines in clinical trials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2, 16, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00016 (2012).","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00507","volume":"4","author":"AF Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown, A. F., Leech, J. M., Rogers, T. R. & McLoughlin, R. M. Staphylococcus aureus Colonization: Modulation of Host Immune Response and Impact on Human Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 4, 507, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00507 (2014).","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"31424_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1086\/313461","volume":"29","author":"G Lina","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lina, G. et al. Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 29, 1128\u20131132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/313461 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"31424_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.030089","volume":"9","author":"F Vandenesch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vandenesch, F. et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 9, 978\u2013984, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid0908.030089 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"31424_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.11.004","volume":"17","author":"M Otto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Otto, M. Staphylococcus aureus toxins. Curr Opin Microbiol 17, 32\u201337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2013.11.004 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR24","unstructured":"Molina, D. M., Morrow, W. J. W. & Liang, X. In Drug Discovery, Development, and Manufacturing Vol. 17 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010)."},{"key":"31424_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"064303","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3597578","volume":"82","author":"Z Noroozi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Noroozi, Z. et al. A multiplexed immunoassay system based upon reciprocating centrifugal microfluidics. Rev Sci Instrum 82, 064303, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3597578 (2011).","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"key":"31424_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68231-7","volume":"367","author":"BA Diep","year":"2006","unstructured":"Diep, B. A. et al. Complete genome sequence of USA300, an epidemic clone of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 367, 731\u2013739, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68231-7 (2006).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"31424_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6680","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6680-6687.2002","volume":"70","author":"SR Clarke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clarke, S. R., Harris, L. G., Richards, R. G. & Foster, S. J. Analysis of Ebh, a 1.1-megadalton cell wall-associated fibronectin-binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 70, 6680\u20136687 (2002).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"31424_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-2073-z","volume":"70","author":"RJ Williams","year":"2002","unstructured":"Williams, R. J., Henderson, B. & Nair, S. P. Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin binding proteins A and B possess a second fibronectin binding region that may have biological relevance to bone tissues. Calcif Tissue Int 70, 416\u2013421, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-001-2073-z (2002).","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"31424_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11324.x","volume":"73","author":"J Sjodahl","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sjodahl, J. Repetitive sequences in protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Arrangement of five regions within the protein, four being highly homologous and Fc-binding. Eur J Biochem 73, 343\u2013351 (1977).","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"31424_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-4-985","volume":"144","author":"L Zhang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Jacobsson, K., Vasi, J., Lindberg, M. & Frykberg, L. A second IgG-binding protein in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology 144(Pt 4), 985\u2013991, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/00221287-144-4-985 (1998).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"31424_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit668","volume":"209","author":"SV Date","year":"2014","unstructured":"Date, S. V. et al. Global gene expression of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 during human and mouse infection. J Infect Dis 209, 1542\u20131550, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jit668 (2014).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"31424_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.130.9.1208","volume":"130","author":"P Couppie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Couppie, P., Cribier, B. & Prevost, G. Leukocidin from Staphylococcus aureus and cutaneous infections: an epidemiologic study. Arch Dermatol 130, 1208\u20131209 (1994).","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"31424_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pelzek, A. J. et al. Human Memory B Cells Targeting Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins Are Prevalent with Skin and Soft Tissue Infection. MBio 9, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.02125-17 (2018).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02125-17"},{"key":"31424_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)43463-6","volume":"259","author":"M Uhlen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Uhlen, M. et al. Complete sequence of the staphylococcal gene encoding protein A. A gene evolved through multiple duplications. J Biol Chem 259, 1695\u20131702 (1984).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"31424_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, F., Chong, A. S. & Montgomery, C. P. Importance of B Lymphocytes and the IgG-Binding Protein Sbi in Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection. Pathogens 5, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens5010012 (2016).","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5010012"},{"key":"31424_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90101-H","volume":"70","author":"O Schneewind","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schneewind, O., Model, P. & Fischetti, V. A. Sorting of protein A to the staphylococcal cell wall. Cell 70, 267\u2013281 (1992).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"31424_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00575","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00575-13","volume":"4","author":"F Falugi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Falugi, F., Kim, H. K., Missiakas, D. M. & Schneewind, O. Role of protein A in the evasion of host adaptive immune responses by Staphylococcus aureus. MBio 4, e00575\u201300513, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00575-13 (2013).","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"31424_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1853","volume":"6","author":"GJ Silverman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silverman, G. J. & Goodyear, C. S. Confounding B-cell defences: lessons from a staphylococcal superantigen. Nat Rev Immunol 6, 465\u2013475, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri1853 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"31424_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13376","volume":"7","author":"YA Yeung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeung, Y. A. et al. Germline-encoded neutralization of a Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor by the human antibody repertoire. Nat Commun 7, 13376, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms13376 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"31424_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2009.10.002","volume":"300","author":"S Holtfreter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holtfreter, S., Kolata, J. & Broker, B. M. Towards the immune proteome of Staphylococcus aureus - The anti-S. aureus antibody response. Int J Med Microbiol 300, 176\u2013192, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2009.10.002 (2010).","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201400123","volume":"9","author":"P Kloppot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kloppot, P. et al. Microarray-based identification of human antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus antigens. Proteomics Clin Appl 9, 1003\u20131011, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prca.201400123 (2015).","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl"},{"key":"31424_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.3.387-398.2005","volume":"12","author":"A Dryla","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dryla, A. et al. Comparison of antibody repertoires against Staphylococcus aureus in healthy individuals and in acutely infected patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12, 387\u2013398, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CDLI.12.3.387-398.2005 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"31424_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"den Reijer, P. M. et al. Combining in vitro protein detection and in vivo antibody detection identifies potential vaccine targets against Staphylococcus aureus during osteomyelitis. Med Microbiol Immunol, 11\u201322 (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-016-0476-8"},{"key":"31424_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit123","volume":"56","author":"SA Fritz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fritz, S. A. et al. A serologic correlate of protective immunity against community-onset Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 56, 1554\u20131561, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cit123 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"31424_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092569199","volume":"99","author":"H Etz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Etz, H. et al. Identification of in vivo expressed vaccine candidate antigens from Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 6573\u20136578, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.092569199 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"31424_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1086\/314977","volume":"180","author":"S Bavari","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bavari, S., Ulrich, R. G. & LeClaire, R. D. Cross-reactive antibodies prevent the lethal effects of Staphylococcus aureus superantigens. J Infect Dis 180, 1365\u20131369, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/314977 (1999).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"31424_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3308","volume":"12","author":"W Salgado-Pabon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salgado-Pabon, W. & Schlievert, P. M. Models matter: the search for an effective Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Nat Rev Microbiol 12, 585\u2013591, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro3308 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.11.84","volume":"3","author":"NJ Verkaik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verkaik, N. J., van Wamel, W. J. & van Belkum, A. Immunotherapeutic approaches against Staphylococcus aureus. Immunotherapy 3, 1063\u20131073, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/imt.11.84 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"31424_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02024-12","volume":"50","author":"RE Mendes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mendes, R. E. et al. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from a phase IV clinical trial for linezolid versus vancomycin for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 50, 3694\u20133702, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02024-12 (2012).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12897","volume":"14","author":"DR Altman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altman, D. R. et al. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via deceased donor liver transplantation confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Am J Transplant 14, 2640\u20132644, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajt.12897 (2014).","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"31424_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12682","volume":"93","author":"MA Benson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benson, M. A. et al. Evolution of hypervirulence by a MRSA clone through acquisition of a transposable element. Mol Microbiol 93, 664\u2013681, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.12682 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"31424_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114\u20132120, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"31424_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","volume":"19","author":"A Bankevich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bankevich, A. et al. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol 19, 455\u2013477, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021 (2012).","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"31424_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40053","volume":"69","author":"AJ Pelzek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pelzek, A. J. et al. Persistence of disease-associated anti-citrullinated protein antibody-expressing memory B cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis in clinical remission. Arthritis Rheumatol 69, 1176\u20131186, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.40053 (2017).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"31424_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7015-5_6","volume":"1611","author":"H Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen, H. Predicting Secretory Proteins with SignalP. Methods Mol Biol 1611, 59\u201373, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7015-5_6 (2017).","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"31424_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1701","volume":"8","author":"TN Petersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petersen, T. N., Brunak, S., von Heijne, G. & Nielsen, H. SignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. Nat Methods 8, 785\u2013786, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.1701 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"31424_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4315","volume":"305","author":"A Krogh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krogh, A., Larsson, B., von Heijne, G. & Sonnhammer, E. L. Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden Markov model: application to complete genomes. J Mol Biol 305, 567\u2013580, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4315 (2001).","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"31424_CR58","first-page":"175","volume":"6","author":"EL Sonnhammer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sonnhammer, E. L., von Heijne, G. & Krogh, A. A hidden Markov model for predicting transmembrane helices in protein sequences. Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol 6, 175\u2013182 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol"},{"key":"31424_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-488","volume":"9","author":"T Hulsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hulsen, T., de Vlieg, J. & Alkema, W. BioVenn - a web application for the comparison and visualization of biological lists using area-proportional Venn diagrams. BMC Genomics 9, 488, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2164-9-488 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"31424_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1647-5","volume":"16","author":"H Fan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fan, H., Ives, A. R., Surget-Groba, Y. & Cannon, C. H. An assembly and alignment-free method of phylogeny reconstruction from next-generation sequencing data. BMC Genomics 16, 522, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-015-1647-5 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-31424-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-31424-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-31424-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T09:02:53Z","timestamp":1671613373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-31424-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-31424-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"V.J.T. is an inventor on patents and patent applications filed by New York University. I.P.T. serves as an investigator on studies funded by GlaxoSmithKline and Horizon Pharma. None of these studies conflict with the contents of this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"13296"}}