{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:12:53Z","timestamp":1782889973171,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although pre-clinical models of pain are useful for defining relationships between biological mechanisms and pain, common methods testing peripheral sensitivity do not translate to the human pain experience. Facial grimace scales evaluate affective pain levels in rodent models by capturing and scoring spontaneous facial expression. But, the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) has not assessed the common disorder of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. A rat model of TMJ pain induced by jaw loading (1\u2009hr\/day for 7 days) was used to investigate the time course of RGS scores and compare them between different loading magnitudes with distinct peripheral sensitivity profiles (0N\u2013no sensitivity, 2N\u2013acute sensitivity, 3.5N\u2013persistent sensitivity). In the 3.5N group, RGS is elevated over baseline during the loading period and one day after loading and is correlated with peripheral sensitivity (\u03c1\u2009=\u2009\u22120.48, p\u2009=\u20090.002). However, RGS is not elevated later when that group exhibits peripheral sensitivity and moderate TMJ condylar cartilage degeneration. Acutely, RGS is elevated in the 3.5N loading group over the other loading groups (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). These findings suggest that RGS is an effective tool for detecting spontaneous TMJ pain and that spontaneous pain is detectable in rats that develop persistent TMJ sensitivity, but not in rats with acute resolving sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32297-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T09:43:12Z","timestamp":1536658992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Grading facial expression is a sensitive means to detect grimace differences in orofacial pain in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Megan M.","family":"Sperry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Hsin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Granquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Winkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"32297_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.028","volume":"112","author":"JS Mogil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mogil, J. S. & Crager, S. E. What should we be measuring in behavioral studies of chronic pain in animals? Pain 112, 12\u201315 (2004).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01311-2","volume":"353","author":"JD Loeser","year":"1999","unstructured":"Loeser, J. D. & Melzack, R. Pain: An overview. Lancet 353, 1607\u20131609 (1999).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"32297_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2606","volume":"10","author":"JS Mogil","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mogil, J. S. Animal models of pain: Progress and challenges. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 283\u2013294 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"32297_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.02.003","volume":"20","author":"J Zaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaki, J., Wager, T. D., Singer, T., Keysers, C. & Gazzola, V. The anatomy of suffering: understanding the relationship between nociceptive and empathic pain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 20, 249\u2013259 (2016).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"32297_CR5","first-page":"298","volume":"24","author":"SB Nicoll","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nicoll, S. B., Hee, C. K., Davis, M. B. & Winkelstein, B. A. A rat model of temporomandibular joint pain with histopathologic modifications. J. Orofac. Pain 24, 298\u2013304 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119194109","volume":"109","author":"RE Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller, R. E. et al. CCR2 chemokine receptor signaling mediates pain in experimental osteoarthritis. Pnas 109, 2\u20137 (2012).","journal-title":"Pnas"},{"key":"32297_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.09.005","volume":"74","author":"S Kartha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kartha, S., Zhou, T., Granquist, E. J. & Winkelstein, B. A. Development of a rat model of mechanically induced tunable pain and associated temporomandibular joint responses. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 74, 54.e1\u201354.e10 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"32297_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28188","volume":"6","author":"X-J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, X.-J. et al. TLR signaling adaptor protein MyD88 in primary sensory neurons contributes to persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation. Sci. Rep. 6, 28188 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"32297_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ita, M., Crosby, N., Bulka, B. & Winkelstein, B. Painful cervical facet joint injury is accompanied by changes in the number of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the superficial dorsal horn that deferentially relate to local tissue injury severity. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976) (2016).","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001934"},{"key":"32297_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700500","volume":"6","author":"S Kartha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kartha, S. et al. Superoxide dismutase-loaded porous polymersomes as highly efficient antioxidants for treating neuropathic pain. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 6, 1\u20136 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"32297_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.11.001","volume":"151","author":"AL Whittaker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whittaker, A. L. & Howarth, G. S. Use of spontaneous behaviour measures to assess pain in laboratory rats and mice: How are we progressing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 151, 1\u201312 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"32297_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516638027","volume":"95","author":"E Vachon-Presseau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vachon-Presseau, E. et al. The emotional brain as a predictor and amplifier of chronic pain. J Dent Res 95, 605\u2013612 (2016).","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"32297_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200211000-00001","volume":"18","author":"RH Dworkin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dworkin, R. H. An overview of neuropathic pain: Syndromes, symptoms, signs, and several mechanisms. Clin. J. Pain 18, 343\u2013349 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00768.2005","volume":"95","author":"JM Foss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foss, J. M., Apkarian, A. & Chialvo, D. Dynamics of pain: Fractal dimension of temporal variability of spontaneous pain differentiates between pain states. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 730\u2013736 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"32297_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2004.09.001","volume":"5","author":"MM Backonja","year":"2004","unstructured":"Backonja, M. M. & Stacey, B. Neuropathic pain symptoms relative to overall pain rating. J. Pain 5, 491\u2013497 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1455","volume":"7","author":"DJ Langford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Langford, D. J. et al. Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nat Methods 7, 447\u2013449 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"32297_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12110","volume":"122","author":"L Liao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liao, L. et al. Evaluation of pain in rats through facial expression following experimental tooth movement. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 122, 121\u2013124 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"32297_CR18","first-page":"417","volume":"20","author":"D De Rantere","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Rantere, D., Schuster, C. J., Reimer, J. N. & Pang, D. S. J. The relationship between the Rat Grimace Scale and mechanical hypersensitivity testing in three experimental pain models. Eur. J. Pain (United Kingdom) 20, 417\u2013426 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"32297_CR19","first-page":"34","volume":"67","author":"B Philips","year":"2016","unstructured":"Philips, B., Weisshaar, C. & Winkelstein, B. The rat grimace scale can evaluate spontaneous neuropathic pain in a model of cervical radiculopathy. Comp. Med. 67, 34\u201342 (2016).","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"32297_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","volume":"6","author":"V Leung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leung, V., Zhang, E. & Pang, D. S. J. Real-Time application of the Rat Grimace Scale as a welfare refinement in laboratory rats. Sci. Rep. 6, 1\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"32297_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2005.01121.x","volume":"14","author":"A Williamson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williamson, A. & Hoggart, B. Pain: a review of three commonly used rating scales. J. Clin. Nurs. 14, 798\u2013804 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"32297_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.03.018","volume":"21","author":"T Neogi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neogi, T. The epidemiology and impact of pain in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 21, 1145\u20131153 (2014).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"32297_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00572.x","volume":"27","author":"O Plesh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Plesh, O., Curtis, D., Levine, J. & McCall, W. D. Amitriptyline treatment of chronic pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J. Oral Rehabil. 27, 834\u2013841 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"32297_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.004","volume":"112","author":"P C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2004","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9, P., Cassidy, J. D., Carroll, L. J. & Kristman, V. The annual incidence and course of neck pain in the general population: A population-based cohort study. Pain 112, 267\u2013273 (2004).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.47","volume":"10","author":"M Thakur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thakur, M., Dickenson, A. H. & Baron, R. Osteoarthritis pain: nociceptive or neuropathic? Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 10, 374\u201380 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"32297_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1515\/semi.1969.1.1.49","volume":"1","author":"P Ekman","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica 1, 49\u201398 (1969).","journal-title":"Semiotica"},{"key":"32297_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90073-X","volume":"28","author":"RVE Grunau","year":"1987","unstructured":"Grunau, R. V. E. & Craig, K. D. Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry. Pain 28, 395\u2013410 (1987).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR28","volume":"7","author":"SG Sotocinal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sotocinal, S. G. et al. The Rat Grimace Scale: A partially automated method for quantifying pain in the laboratory rat via facial expressions. Mol. Pain 7, 55 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677215595554","volume":"50","author":"AL Whittaker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whittaker, A. L., Leach, M. C., Preston, F. L., Lymn, K. A. & Howarth, G. S. Effects of acute chemotherapy-induced mucositis on spontaneous behaviour and the grimace scale in laboratory rats. Lab. Anim. 50, 108\u2013118 (2016).","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"32297_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0802472","volume":"359","author":"SJ Scrivani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scrivani, S. J., Keith, D. A. & Kaban, L. B. Temporomandibular disorders. N Engl J Med 359, 2693\u20132705 (2008).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"32297_CR31","unstructured":"NIDCR. Facial Pain. Available at, http:\/\/www.nidcr.nih.gov\/datastatistics\/finddatabytopic\/facialpain\/ (2014)."},{"key":"32297_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.014","volume":"117","author":"SL Wilcox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilcox, S. L. et al. Anatomical changes within the medullary dorsal horn in chronic temporomandibular disorder pain. Neuroimage 117, 258\u2013266 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"32297_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.11.008","volume":"155","author":"AM Youssef","year":"2014","unstructured":"Youssef, A. M. et al. Differential brain activity in subjects with painful trigeminal neuropathy and painful temporomandibular disorder. Pain 155, 467\u2013475 (2014).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-6-89","volume":"6","author":"G Villa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Villa, G. et al. Temporomandibular joint inflammation activates glial and immune cells in both the trigeminal ganglia and in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Mol Pain 6, 89 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.004","volume":"154","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Temporomandibular joint pain: A critical role for Trpv4 in the trigeminal ganglion. Pain 154, 1295\u20131304 (2013).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.85","volume":"2","author":"A Krzyzanowska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krzyzanowska, A. & Avendano, C. Behavioral testing in rodent models of orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Brain Behav. 2, 678\u2013697 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"32297_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16244","volume":"5","author":"P Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen, P. et al. Injecting vascular endothelial growth factor into the temporomandibular joint induces osteoarthritis in mice. Sci. Rep. 5, 16244 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"32297_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.10.028","volume":"73","author":"A Mino-oka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mino-oka, A., Izawa, T., Shinohara, T., Mori, H. & Yasue, A. Roles of hypoxia inducible factor-1\u03b1 in the temporomandibular joint. Arch. Oral Biol. 73, 274\u2013281 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"32297_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rogers, A. W., Cisewski, S. E. & Kern, C. B. The Zonal Architecture of the Mandibular Condyle Requires ADAMTS5. J. Dent. Res. 1\u20138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034518777751 (2018).","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518777751"},{"key":"32297_CR40","first-page":"903","volume":"17","author":"L Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu, L. et al. Early-onset osteoarthritis of mouse temporomandibular joint induced by partial discectomy. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 17, 903\u2013908 (2009).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"32297_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.042","volume":"310","author":"J Asgar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asgar, J. et al. The role of TRPA1 in muscle pain and mechanical hypersensitivity under inflammatory conditions in rats. Neuroscience 310, 206\u2013215 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"32297_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700406","volume":"87","author":"E Tanaka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tanaka, E., Detamore, M. S. & Mercuri, L. G. Degenerative disorders of the temporomandibular joint: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J. Dent. Res. 87, 296\u2013307 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"32297_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.04.025","volume":"17","author":"S Kuroda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuroda, S. et al. Biomechanical and biochemical characteristics of the mandibular condylar cartilage. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 17, 1408\u20131415 (2009).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"32297_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7255","volume":"47","author":"ME Ita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ita, M. E., Zhang, S., Holsgrove, T. P., Kartha, S. & Winkelstein, B. A. The Physiological Basis of Cervical Facet-Mediated Persistent Pain: Basic Science and Clinical Challenges. J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther. 47, 450\u2013461 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"32297_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4035647","volume":"139","author":"MM Sperry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sperry, M. M. et al. The interface of mechanics and nociception in joint pathophysiology: insights from the facet and temporomandibular joints. J. Biomech. Eng. 139, 021003 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"32297_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver, V. et al. Psychometric assessment of the rat grimace scale and development of an analgesic intervention score. PLoS One 9 (2014).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097882"},{"key":"32297_CR47","first-page":"13","volume":"42","author":"KL Stasiak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stasiak, K. L., Maul, D. O. N. & French, E. Species-Specific Assessment of Pain in Laboratory Physiology of Pain. Comp. Med. 42, 13\u201320 (2003).","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"32297_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000978","volume":"158","author":"MP Klinck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klinck, M. P. et al. Translational pain assessment: Could natural animal models be the missing link? Pain 158, 1633\u20131646 (2017).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","volume":"6","author":"SM Iqbal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iqbal, S. M. et al. Lubricin\/Proteoglycan 4 binds to and regulates the activity of Toll-Like Receptors in Vitro. Sci. Rep. 6, 1\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"32297_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4053","volume":"18","author":"RE Sorge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sorge, R. E. et al. Different immune cells mediate mechanical pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 1\u20135 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"32297_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512441946","volume":"91","author":"XD Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, X. D., Kou, X. X., Mao, J. J., Gan, Y. H. & Zhou, Y. H. Sustained Inflammation Induces Degeneration of the Temporomandibular Joint. J. Dent. Res. 91, 499\u2013505 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"32297_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.09.058","volume":"164","author":"A Tashiro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tashiro, A., Okamoto, K. & Bereiter, D. A. Chronic inflammation and estradiol interact through MAPK activation to affect TMJ nociceptive processing by trigeminal caudalis neurons. Neuroscience 164, 1813\u20131820 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"32297_CR53","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"H Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, H. et al. TNF accelerates death of mandibular condyle chondrocytes in rats with biomechanical stimulation-induced temporomandibular joint disease. PLoS One 10, 1\u201318 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"32297_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918763658","volume":"14","author":"AH Tuttle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tuttle, A. H. et al. A deep neural network to assess spontaneous pain from mouse facial expressions. Mol. Pain 14, 174480691876365 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"32297_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals: 8th Ed. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1525495, https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/olaw\/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals.pdf (2011).","DOI":"10.2307\/1525495"},{"key":"32297_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90201-4","volume":"16","author":"M Zimmermann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zimmermann, M. Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 16, 109\u2013110 (1983).","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32297-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32297-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32297-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T09:40:51Z","timestamp":1671615651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32297-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["32297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32297-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"13894"}}