{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:53:02Z","timestamp":1793166782183,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An intensified and continuous West Nile virus (WNV) spread across northern Italy has been observed since 2008, which caused more than one hundred reported human infections until 2016. Veneto is one of the Italian regions where WNV is considered endemic, and the greatest intensity of circulation was observed during 2013 and 2016. By using entomological data collected across the region in those years, we calibrated a temperature-driven mathematical model through a Bayesian approach that simulates the WNV infection in an avian population with seasonal demography. We considered two alternative routes of life cycle re-activation of the virus at the beginning of each vector breeding season: in the first one the virus is maintained by infected birds, in the other by diapausing mosquitoes previously infected. Afterwards, we computed seasonal risk curves for human infection and quantified how they translate into reported symptomatic cases. According to our results, WNV is more likely to be re-activated each year via previously infected mosquitoes. The highest probability of human infection is expected to occur in August, consistently with observations. Our epidemiological estimates can be of particular interest for public health authorities, to support decisions in term of designing efficient surveillance plans and preventive measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32401-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T15:06:46Z","timestamp":1536764806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["West Nile virus transmission and human infection risk in Veneto (Italy): a modelling analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-7211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Marini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ros\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annapaola","family":"Rizzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Montarsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioia","family":"Capelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"32401_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-12","volume":"25","author":"TM Colpitts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Colpitts, T. M., Conway, M. J., Montgomery, R. R. & Fikrig, E. West Nile Virus: Biology, Transmission, and Human Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 25, 635\u2013648 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"32401_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-1085-1","volume":"23","author":"HG Zeller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zeller, H. G. & Schuffenecker, I. West Nile virus: An overview of its spread in europe and the Mediterranean Basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23, 147\u2013156 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020628","volume":"9","author":"N Komar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Komar, N. et al. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerging Infect. Dis. 9, 311\u2013322 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-33","volume":"45","author":"J Del Amo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Del Amo, J. et al. Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with West Nile virus isolates of Euro-Mediterranean and North American origins. Vet. Res. 45, 33 (2014).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"32401_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1086\/656602","volume":"202","author":"S Zou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zou, S., Foster, G. A., Dodd, R. Y., Petersen, L. R. & Stramer, S. L. West Nile fever characteristics among viremic persons identified through blood donor screening. J. Infect. Dis. 202, 1354\u20131361 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05480-0","volume":"358","author":"F Mostashari","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mostashari, F. et al. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Lancet 358, 261\u2013264 (2001).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"32401_CR7","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. West Nile fever in ECDC. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2015. Stockholm: ECDC (2017)."},{"key":"32401_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8042","volume":"310","author":"LR Petersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petersen, L. R., Brault, A. C. & Nasci, R. S. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA 310, 308\u2013315 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"32401_CR9","first-page":"683","volume-title":"J. Med. Entomol.","author":"MG Hinton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinton, M. G., Reisen, W. K., Wheeler, S. S. & Townsend, A. K. West Nile Virus Activity in a Winter Roost of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos): Is Bird-To-Bird Transmission Important in Persistence and Amplification? J. Med. Entomol. 52, 683\u2013692 (2015)."},{"key":"32401_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24133-4","volume":"8","author":"D Montecino-Latorre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montecino-Latorre, D. & Barker, C. M. Overwintering of West Nile virus in a bird community with a communal crow roost. Scientific Reports 8, 6088 (2018).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"32401_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0219","volume":"89","author":"BM Nelms","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelms, B. M. et al. Phenotypic Variation among Culex pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from the Sacramento Valley, California: Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus, Diapause Potential, Autogeny, and Host Selection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89, 1168\u20131178 (2013).","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"32401_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1249-6","volume":"14","author":"A Tran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tran, A. et al. An Integrative Eco-Epidemiological Analysis of West Nile Virus Transmission. Ecohealth 14, 474\u2013489 (2017).","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"32401_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020234","volume":"8","author":"GL Autorino","year":"2002","unstructured":"Autorino, G. L. et al. West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany region, Italy. Emerging Infect. Dis. 8, 1372\u20131378 (2002).","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0179679","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179679","volume":"12","author":"G Zehender","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zehender, G. et al. Reconstructing the recent West Nile virus lineage 2 epidemic in Europe and Italy using discrete and continuous phylogeography. PLOS ONE 12, e0179679 (2017).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"32401_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20002","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.43.20002-en","volume":"16","author":"P Bagnarelli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bagnarelli, P. et al. Human case of autochthonous West Nile virus lineage 2 infection in Italy, September 2011. Eurosurveillance 16, 20002 (2011).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"32401_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30340","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.37.30340","volume":"21","author":"C Rizzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rizzo, C. et al. West Nile virus transmission: results from the integrated surveillance system in Italy, 2008 to 2015. Eurosurveillance 21, 30340 (2016).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"32401_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.02.018","volume":"158","author":"G Savini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Savini, G. et al. Evidence of West Nile virus lineage 2 circulation in Northern Italy. Vet. Microbiol. 158, 267\u2013273 (2012).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"32401_CR18","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS). West Nile News. Aggiornamento epidemiologico settimanale. http:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/problemi\/westNile\/bollettino\/WN_News_2013_13.pdf (2013)."},{"key":"32401_CR19","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS). West Nile News. Aggiornamento epidemiologico settimanale. http:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/problemi\/westNile\/bollettino\/WN_News_2016_11.pdf (2016)."},{"key":"32401_CR20","first-page":"97","volume":"53","author":"G Mancini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mancini, G. et al. Mosquito species involved in the circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in Italy. Vet. Ital. 53, 97\u2013110 (2017).","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"32401_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulm.2004.11.008","volume":"67","author":"G Cruz-Pacheco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cruz-Pacheco, G., Esteva, L., Monta\u00f1o-Hirose, J. A. & Vargas, C. Modelling the dynamics of West Nile Virus. Bull. Math. Biol. 67, 1157\u20131172 (2005).","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"32401_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2608","volume":"271","author":"MJ Wonham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wonham, M. J., de-Camino-Beck, T. & Lewis, M. A. An epidemiological model for West Nile virus: invasion analysis and control applications. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, 501\u2013507 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"32401_CR23","first-page":"100","volume":"28","author":"JA Hartigan","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hartigan, J. A. & Wong, M. A. Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics) 28, 100\u2013108 (1979).","journal-title":"Series C (Applied Statistics)"},{"key":"32401_CR24","unstructured":"Arpa Veneto Dati Ambientali. Available: http:\/\/www.arpa.veneto.it\/dati-ambientali (2018)."},{"key":"32401_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzoli, A. et al. Understanding West Nile virus ecology in Europe: Culex pipiens host feeding preference in a hotspot of virus emergence. Parasites & Vectors 8 213 (2015).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0831-4"},{"key":"32401_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003262","volume":"8","author":"NK Duggal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duggal, N. K. et al. Evidence for Co-evolution of West Nile Virus and House Sparrows in North America. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, e3262 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"32401_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, T. R. Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: From Genes to Populations. (Oxford University Press, 2006).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195304114.001.0001"},{"key":"32401_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.640","volume":"39","author":"DJ Dohm","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dohm, D. J., Sardelis, M. R. & Turell, M. J. Experimental vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 39, 640\u2013644 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"32401_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12264","volume":"50","author":"BM Nelms","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelms, B. M. et al. Experimental and natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus by California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. J. Med. Entomol. 50, 371\u2013378 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"32401_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0613","volume":"7","author":"NA Hartemink","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hartemink, N. A., Davis, S. A., Reiter, P., Hub\u00e1lek, Z. & Heesterbeek, J. A. P. Importance of bird-to-bird transmission for the establishment of West Nile virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7, 575\u2013584 (2007).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1051\/mmnp\/201712205","volume":"12","author":"P Moschini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moschini, P., Bisanzio, D. & Pugliese, A. A Seasonal Model for West Nile Virus. Math. Model. Nat. Phenom. 12, 58\u201383 (2017).","journal-title":"Math. Model. Nat. Phenom."},{"key":"32401_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00353","volume":"64","author":"DJ Spiegelhalter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spiegelhalter, D. J., Best, N. G., Carlin, B. R. & van der Linde, A. Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B-Stat. Methodol. 64, 583\u2013616 (2002).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B-Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"32401_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040082","volume":"4","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, A. M., Kramer, L. D., Jones, M. J., Marra, P. P. & Daszak, P. West Nile Virus Epidemics in North America Are Driven by Shifts in Mosquito Feeding Behavior. PLOS Biology 4, e82 (2006).","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"32401_CR34","first-page":"119","volume":"99","author":"C Faraj","year":"2006","unstructured":"Faraj, C., Elkohli, M. & Lyagoubi, M. Cycle gonotrophique de Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), vecteur potentiel du virus West Nile, au Maroc: estimation de la dur\u00e9e en laboratoire. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de pathologie exotique 99, 119\u2013121 (2006).","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de pathologie exotique"},{"key":"32401_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1282","volume":"279","author":"JE Simpson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simpson, J. E. et al. Vector hoWest Nile virus as a model st-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: system. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 279, 925\u2013933 (2012).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"32401_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellini, R. et al. The experience of West Nile virus integrated surveillance system in the Emilia-Romagna region: five years of implementation, Italy, 2009 to 2013. Eurosurveillance 19, 20953 (2014).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.44.20953"},{"key":"32401_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0369-x","volume":"154","author":"N Nemeth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nemeth, N. et al. Persistent West Nile virus infection in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Arch. Virol. 154, 783\u2013789 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"32401_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durand, B., Balan\u00e7a, G., Baldet, T. & Chevalier, V. A metapopulation model to simulate West Nile virus circulation in Western Africa, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Vet Res 41 (2010).","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010004"},{"key":"32401_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0626","volume":"7","author":"A Rizzoli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rizzoli, A., Ros\u00e0, R., Rosso, F., Buckley, A. & Gould, E. West Nile virus circulation detected in northern Italy in sentinel chickens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7, 411\u2013417 (2007).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.01.008","volume":"91","author":"F Monaco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Monaco, F. et al. 2009 West Nile disease epidemic in Italy: first evidence of overwintering in Western Europe? Res. Vet. Sci. 91, 321\u2013326 (2011).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"32401_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.033829-0","volume":"92","author":"E Sotelo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sotelo, E. et al. Phylogenetic relationships of Western Mediterranean West Nile virus strains (1996\u20132010) using full-length genome sequences: single or multiple introductions? J. Gen. Virol. 92, 2512\u20132522 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"32401_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Triana, L. M. et al. Emergence of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 in Europe: A Review on the Introduction and Spread of a Mosquito-Borne Disease. Front. Public Health 2 (2014).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00271"},{"key":"32401_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudolf, I. et al. West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes, central Europe. Parasit Vectors 10 (2017).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2399-7"},{"key":"32401_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0515","volume":"82","author":"VA O\u2019Brien","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, V. A., Meteyer, C. U., Reisen, W. K., Ip, H. S. & Brown, C. R. Prevalence and Pathology of West Nile Virus in Naturally Infected House Sparrows, Western Nebraska, 2008. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82, 937\u2013944 (2010).","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"32401_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0123","volume":"8","author":"GL Hamer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamer, G. L. et al. Rapid amplification of West Nile virus: the role of hatch-year birds. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 8, 57\u201367 (2008).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0200","volume":"8","author":"G L\u00f3pez","year":"2008","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, G., Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero, M. A., Tejedor, C. G., Soriguer, R. & Figuerola, J. Prevalence of West Nile virus neutralizing antibodies in Spain is related to the behavior of migratory birds. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 8, 615\u2013621 (2008).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20825-z","volume":"8","author":"J Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente, J. et al. Mosquito community influences West Nile virus seroprevalence in wild birds: implications for the risk of spillover into human populations. Sci Rep 8, 2599 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"32401_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034127","volume":"7","author":"JL Kwan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kwan, J. L., Kluh, S. & Reisen, W. K. Antecedent Avian Immunity Limits Tangential Transmission of West Nile Virus to Humans. PLOS ONE 7, e34127 (2012).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"32401_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0206","volume":"11","author":"AM Neghina","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neghina, A. M. & Neghina, R. Reemergence of human infections with West Nile virus in Romania, 2010: an epidemiological study and brief review of the past situation. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11, 1289\u20131292 (2011).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1805","volume":"16","author":"AI Pa\u015ftiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pa\u015ftiu, A. I. et al. Wild Birds in Romania Are More Exposed to West Nile Virus Than to Newcastle Disease Virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 16, 176\u2013180 (2016).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.063651-0","volume":"95","author":"SM Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim, S. M. et al. Susceptibility of European jackdaws (Corvus monedula) to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 West Nile viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 95, 1320\u20131329 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"32401_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.140714","volume":"21","author":"SM Lim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lim, S. M. et al. Susceptibility of Carrion Crows to Experimental Infection with Lineage 1 and 2 West Nile Viruses. Emerging Infect. Dis. 21, 1357\u20131365 (2015).","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"32401_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006394","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006394","volume":"12","author":"N Jim\u00e9nez de Oya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez de Oya, N. et al. High susceptibility of magpie (Pica pica) to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12, e0006394 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"32401_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3284","volume":"273","author":"VO Ezenwa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ezenwa, V. O., Godsey, M. S., King, R. J. & Guptill, S. C. Avian diversity and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 273, 109\u2013117 (2006).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"32401_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002488","volume":"3","author":"JP Swaddle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swaddle, J. P. & Calos, S. E. Increased Avian Diversity Is Associated with Lower Incidence of Human West Nile Infection: Observation of the Dilution Effect. PLOS ONE 3, e2488 (2008).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"32401_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13003","volume":"51","author":"AT Ciota","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ciota, A. T., Matacchiero, A. C., Kilpatrick, A. M. & Kramer, L. D. The Effect of Temperature on Life History Traits of Culex Mosquitoes. J. Med. Entomol. 51, 55\u201362 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"32401_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154018","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154018","volume":"11","author":"G Marini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marini, G. et al. The Role of Climatic and Density Dependent Factors in Shaping Mosquito Population Dynamics: The Case of Culex pipiens in Northwestern Italy. PLOS ONE 11, e0154018 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"32401_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1724-x","volume":"9","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Comparative evaluation of the efficiency of the BG-Sentinel trap, CDC light trap and Mosquito-oviposition trap for the surveillance of vector mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 9, 446 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"32401_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11077","volume":"49","author":"AT Ciota","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ciota, A. T. et al. Dispersal of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from a wastewater treatment facility. J. Med. Entomol. 49, 35\u201342 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"32401_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2987\/5754.1","volume":"24","author":"Y Tsuda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsuda, Y. et al. A mark-release-recapture study on dispersal and flight distance of Culex pipiens pallens in an urban area of Japan. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 24, 339\u2013343 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"32401_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1677-0","volume":"9","author":"CBF Vogels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vogels, C. B. F., Fros, J. J., G\u00f6ertz, G. P., Pijlman, G. P. & Koenraadt, C. J. M. Vector competence of northern European Culex pipiens biotypes and hybrids for West Nile virus is differentially affected by temperature. Parasites & Vectors 9, 393 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"32401_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.309","volume":"43","author":"WK Reisen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reisen, W. K., Fang, Y. & Martinez, V. M. Effects of temperature on the transmission of west nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 43, 309\u2013317 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"32401_CR63","unstructured":"Summers-Smith, J. D. The Sparrows: a study of the genus Passer. (T & AD Poyser, 1988)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32401-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32401-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32401-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T09:53:11Z","timestamp":1671616391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32401-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["32401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32401-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"14005"}}