{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:36:54Z","timestamp":1790897814325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex pregnancy disorder. It is not extensively known how the metabolic alterations of PE women contribute to the metabolism of newborn. We applied liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based non-targeted metabolomics to determine whether the metabolic profile of plasma from umbilical cord differs between infants born to PE and non-PE pregnancies in the FINNPEC study. Cord plasma was available from 42 newborns born from PE and 53 from non-PE pregnancies. 133 molecular features differed between PE and non-PE newborns after correction for multiple testing. Decreased levels of 4-pyridoxic acid were observed in the cord plasma samples of PE newborns when compared to non-PE newborns. Compounds representing following areas of metabolism were increased in the cord plasma of PE newborns: urea and creatine metabolism; carnitine biosynthesis and acylcarnitines; putrescine metabolites; tryptophan metabolism and phosphatidylcholines. To our knowledge, this study is the first one to apply LC-MS based metabolomics in cord plasma of PE newborns. We demonstrate that this strategy provides a global picture of the widespread metabolic alterations associated with PE and particularly the elevated levels of carnitine precursors and trimethylated compounds appear to be associated with PE at birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32804-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]],"date-time":"2018-09-26T05:57:42Z","timestamp":1537941462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A Non-Targeted LC-MS Profiling Reveals Elevated Levels of Carnitine Precursors and Trimethylated Compounds in the Cord Plasma of Pre-Eclamptic Infants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-0936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-4956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Jokkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisa","family":"Litonius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Heinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Auriola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Lehtonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kati","family":"Hanhineva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3212-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannele","family":"Laivuori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"FINNPEC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Kajantie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Kere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Kivinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneli","family":"Pouta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"32804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88","volume":"122","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy","year":"2013","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 122, 1122\u20131131 (2013).","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"32804_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.08.011","volume":"60","author":"JE Myers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Myers, J. E. What are the metabolic precursors which increase the risk of pre-eclampsia and how could these be investigated further. Placenta 60, 110\u2013114 (2017).","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"32804_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.09.023","volume":"36","author":"EM George","year":"2014","unstructured":"George, E. M. New approaches for managing preeclampsia: clues from clinical and basic research. Clin Ther 36, 1873\u20131881 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"32804_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6080076","volume":"6","author":"Ran Neiger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neiger, R. Long-Term Effects of Pregnancy Complications on Maternal Health: A Review. J Clin Med 6 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"32804_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.2741\/2247","volume":"12","author":"FM von Versen-Hoeynck","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Versen-Hoeynck, F. M. & Powers, R. W. Maternal-fetal metabolism in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Front Biosci 12, 2457\u20132470 (2007).","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"32804_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.25","volume":"17","author":"CH Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson, C. H., Ivanisevic, J. & Siuzdak, G. Metabolomics: beyond biomarkers and towards mechanisms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 17, 451\u2013459 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"32804_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.196840","volume":"145","author":"K Hanhineva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanhineva, K. et al. Nontargeted metabolite profiling discriminates diet-specific biomarkers for consumption of whole grains fatty fish and bilberries in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr 145, 7\u201317 (2015).","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"32804_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.07.029","volume":"359","author":"X Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Impaired mitochondrial fusion, autophagy, biogenesis and dysregulated lipid metabolism is associated with preeclampsia. Exp Cell Res 359, 195\u2013204 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"32804_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, R.S. et al. Integration of metabolomic and transcriptomic networks in pregnant women reveals biological pathways and predictive signatures associated with preeclampsia. Metabolomics 13 (2017).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-016-1149-8"},{"key":"32804_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091923","volume":"9","author":"M Austdal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Austdal, M. et al. Metabolomic biomarkers in serum and urine in women with preeclampsia. PLoS One 9, e91923 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"58","key":"32804_CR11","first-page":"e1","volume":"208","author":"RO Bahado-Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bahado-Singh, R. O. et al. First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208(58), e1\u20137 (2013).","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"32804_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.157297","volume":"56","author":"LC Kenny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kenny, L. C. et al. Robust early pregnancy prediction of later preeclampsia using metabolomics biomarkers. Hypertension 56, 741\u2013749 (2010).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"32804_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098540","volume":"9","author":"S Kuc","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuc, S. et al. Metabolomics profiling for identification of novel potential markers in early prediction of preeclampsia. PLoS One 9, e98540 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"32804_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013148","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013148","volume":"6","author":"T J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, T. Cohort profile: the Finnish Genetics of Pre-eclampsia Consortium (FINNPEC). BMJ Open. 6, e013148 (2016).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"32804_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500066","volume":"59","author":"J Pekkinen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pekkinen, J. et al. Amino acid-derived betaines dominate as urinary markers for rye bran intake in mice fed high-fat diet -A nontargeted metabolomics study. Mol Nutr Food Res 59, 1550\u201362 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"32804_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3393","volume":"12","author":"H Tsugawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsugawa, H. et al. MS-DIAL: data-independent MS\/MS deconvolution for comprehensive metabolome analysis. Nat Methods 12, 523\u2013526 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"32804_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001103900430","volume":"39","author":"B Demir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Demir, B. et al. Serum levels of lipids. lipoproteins and paraoxonase activity in pre-eclampsia. J Int Med Res 39, 1427\u20131431 (2011).","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"32804_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200x.2005.01998.x","volume":"47","author":"A Korkmaz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Korkmaz, A., Tekinalp, G., Coskun, T., Yigit, S. & Yurdakok, M. Plasma carnitine levels in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Int 47, 49\u201352 (2005).","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"32804_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.044","volume":"213","author":"RO Bahado-Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bahado-Singh, R. O. et al. Validation of metabolomic models for prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 213, 530.e1\u2013530.e10 (2015).","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"32804_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1021\/pr400122v","volume":"12","author":"MC Alexandre-Gouabau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alexandre-Gouabau, M. C. et al. Antignac JP. Darmaun D. Maternal and cord blood LC-HRMS metabolomics reveal alterations in energy and polyamine metabolism and oxidative stress in very-low birth weight infants. J Proteome Res 12, 2764\u20132778 (2013).","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"32804_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719109351597","volume":"17","author":"S Illsinger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Illsinger, S. et al. Preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: impaired mitochondrial function in umbilical endothelial cells. Reprod Sci 17, 219\u2013226 (2010).","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"32804_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.001560","volume":"33","author":"M Grube","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grube, M. et al. Expression. localization. and function of the carnitine transporteroctn2 (slc22a5) in human placenta. Drug Metab Dispos 33, 31\u201337 (2005).","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"32804_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.10.002","volume":"27","author":"NA Oey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oey, N. A. et al. L-carnitine is synthesized in the human fetal-placental unit: potential roles in placental and fetal metabolism. Placenta 27, 841\u2013846 (2006).","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"32804_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.10.006","volume":"20","author":"RA Koeth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koeth, R. A. et al. \u03b3-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO. Cell Metab 20, 799\u2013812 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"32804_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.033","volume":"247","author":"K Skagen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skagen, K. et al. The Carnitine-butyrobetaine-trimethylamine-N-oxide pathway and its association with cardiovascular mortality in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 247, 64\u201369 (2016).","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"32804_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02139","volume":"103","author":"E Strand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strand, E. et al. Serum Carnitine Metabolites and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103, 1033\u20131041 (2018).","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"32804_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen, O. et al. Diets rich in whole grains increase levels of betainized metabolites. Am J Clin Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy169.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy169"},{"key":"32804_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen, O. et al. Whole-grain intake associated molecule 5-aminovaleric acid betaine decreases \u03b2-oxidation of fatty acids in cultured mice cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 8, 13036 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31484-5"},{"key":"32804_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(77)90257-7","volume":"471","author":"P Molstad","year":"1977","unstructured":"Molstad, P., Bohmer, T. & Eiklid, K. Specificity and characteristics of the carnitine transport in human heart cells (CCL 27) in culture. Biochim Biophys Acta 471, 296\u2013304 (1977).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"32804_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.211136","volume":"145","author":"CE Visentin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Visentin, C. E. et al. Maternal choline status but not fetal genotype influences cord plasma choline metabolite concentrations. J Nutr 145, 1491\u20131497 (2015).","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"32804_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080815","volume":"9","author":"JK Blusztajn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blusztajn, J. K., Slack, B. E. & Mellott, T. J. Neuroprotective Actions of Dietary Choline. Nutrients 9, 815 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"32804_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1971.tb00187.x","volume":"78","author":"S Roopnarinesingh","year":"1971","unstructured":"Roopnarinesingh, S. & Morris, D. Amniotic fluid urea and creatinine in normal pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 78, 29\u201333 (1971).","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw"},{"key":"32804_CR33","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Bai, K. S. & Singh, K. N. Maternal blood urea and umbilical cord blood urea in toxaemia of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol India 832\u2013837 (1976)."},{"key":"32804_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14023487","volume":"14","author":"X Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Increased placental phospholipid levels in pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Int J Mol Sci 14, 3487\u20133499 (2013).","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"32804_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(97)00295-5","volume":"137","author":"Y Liu-Wu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Liu-Wu, Y., Hurt-Camejo, E. & Wiklund, O. Lysophosphatidylcholine induces the production of IL-1beta by human monocytes. Atherosclerosis 137, 351\u2013357 (1998).","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"32804_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00306-3","volume":"129","author":"AD Postle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Postle, A. D., Heeley, E. L. & Wilton, D. C. A comparison of the molecular species compositions of mammalian lung surfactant phospholipids. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 129, 65\u201373 (2001).","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"32804_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145794","volume":"10","author":"KL Lindsay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindsay, K. L. et al. Longitudinal Metabolomic Profiling of Amino Acids and Lipids across Healthy Pregnancy. PLoS One 10, e0145794 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"32804_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2012.8258","volume":"8","author":"S Schott","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schott, S., Hahn, J., Kurbacher, C. & Moka, D. (31)P and (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of blood plasma in female patients with preeclampsia. Int J Biomed Sci 8, 258\u201363 (2012).","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"32804_CR39","unstructured":"Berdanier, C. D. & Adkins, T. K. Advanced nutrition. vol. 2. Micronutrients (ed. Boca Raton) (CRC Press, 1998)."},{"key":"32804_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.1.57","volume":"75","author":"SP Coburn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Coburn, S. P. et al. Elevated plasma 4-pyridoxic acid in renal insufficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 75, 57\u201364 (2002).","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"32804_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1969.tb46397.x","volume":"166","author":"JA Klieger","year":"1969","unstructured":"Klieger, J. A., Altshuler, C. H., Krakow, G. & Hollister, C. Abnormal pyridoxine metabolism in toxemia of pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 166, 288\u2013296 (1969).","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"32804_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x","volume":"63","author":"R Vanholder","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vanholder, R. et al. Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration and interindividual variability. Kidney Int 63, 1934\u20131943 (2003).","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"32804_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.63.s84.36.x","volume":"84","author":"B Rutkowski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rutkowski, B. et al. N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide: a novel uremic toxin? Kidney Int Suppl 84, S19\u201321 (2003).","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"32804_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199417000120","volume":"25","author":"YY Lenis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lenis, Y. Y., Elmetwally, M. A., Maldonado-Estrada, J. G. & Bazer, F. W. Physiological importance of polyamines. Zygote 25, 244\u2013255 (2017).","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"32804_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1960","volume":"212","author":"SR Sooranna","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sooranna, S. R. & Das, I. The inter-relationship between polyamines and the L-arginine nitric oxide pathway in the human placenta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 212, 229\u2013234 (1995).","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"32804_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00261","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20150197","volume":"35","author":"A. A.- B. Badawy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Badawy, A. A. Tryptophan metabolism disposition and utilization in pregnancy. Biosci Rep 35 (2015).","journal-title":"Bioscience Reports"},{"key":"32804_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.01.003","volume":"119","author":"N Iwahashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iwahashi, N. et al. Downregulation of indoleamine 2. 3-dioxygenase expression in the villous stromal endothelial cells of placentas with preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 119, 54\u201360 (2017).","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"32804_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(92)80208-8","volume":"576","author":"I Morita","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morita, I., Kawamoto, M. & Yoshida, H. Difference in the concentration of tryptophan metabolites between maternal and umbilical foetal blood. J Chromatogr 576, 334\u2013339 (1992).","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"key":"32804_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03066-4","volume":"7","author":"LF Gomez-Arango","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomez-Arango, L. F. et al. Contributions of the maternal oral and gut microbiome to placental microbial colonization in overweight and obese pregnant women. Sci Rep 7, 2860 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"32804_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.7b00846","volume":"17","author":"O Robinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robinson, O. et al. Cord Blood Metabolic Signatures of Birth Weight: A Population-Based Study. J Proteome Res 17, 1235\u20131124 (2018).","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"32804_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)33310-X","volume":"141","author":"J Dancis","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dancis, J., Kammerman, S., Jansen, V., Schneider, H. & Levitz, M. Transfer of urea sodium and chloride across the perfused human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141, 677\u201381 (1981).","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"32804_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-150","volume":"14","author":"H Dickinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dickinson, H. et al. Creatine supplementation during pregnancy: summary of experimental studies suggesting a treatment to improve fetal and neonatal morbidity and reduce mortality in high-risk human pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 14, 150 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"32804_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211334","volume":"25","author":"S Pande","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pande, S., Brion, L. P., Campbell, D. E., Gayle, Y. & Esteban-Cruciani, N. V. Lack of effect of L-carnitine supplementation on weight gain in very preterm infants. J Perinatol 25, 470\u2013477 (2005).","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"32804_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198507000-00013","volume":"19","author":"E Schmidt-Sommerfeld","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schmidt-Sommerfeld, E. et al. Transfer and metabolism of carnitine and carnitine esters in the in vitro perfused human placenta. Pediatr Res 19, 700\u2013706 (1985).","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"32804_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C263","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00333.2003","volume":"287","author":"K Lahjouji","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lahjouji, K. et al. L-Carnitine transport in human placental brush-border membranes is mediated by the sodium-dependent organic cation transporter OCTN2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287, C263\u2013269 (2004).","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"32804_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(94)90221-6","volume":"1194","author":"SM Grassl","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grassl, S. M. Choline transport in human placental brush-border membrane vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1194, 203\u2013213 (1994).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"32804_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-007-0006-5","volume":"34","author":"MA Grillo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grillo, M. A., Lanza, A. & Colombatto, S. Transport of amino acids through the placenta and their role. Amino Acids 34, 517\u2013523 (2008).","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"32804_CR58","first-page":"1540","volume":"105","author":"J Pihkala","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pihkala, J., Hakala, T., Voutilainen, P. & Raivio, K. Characteristic of recent fetal growth curves in Finland. Duodecim 105, 1540\u20131546 (1989).","journal-title":"Duodecim"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32804-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32804-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32804-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T15:47:08Z","timestamp":1720626428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32804-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["32804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32804-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"K.H. and O.K. are owners of Afekta Technologies Ltd. The other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"14616"}}