{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:11:42Z","timestamp":1789654302521,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is an increasing need to extend the control possibilities of upper limb amputees over their prosthetics, especially given the development of devices with numerous active joints. One way of feeding pattern recognition myoelectric control is to rely on the myoelectric activities of the residual limb associated with phantom limb movements (PLM). This study aimed to describe the types, characteristics, potential influencing factors and trainability of upper limb PLM. Seventy-six below- and above-elbow amputees with major amputation underwent a semi-directed interview about their phantom limb. Amputation level, elapsed time since amputation, chronic pain and use of prostheses of upper limb PLM were extracted from the interviews. Thirteen different PLM were found involving the hand, wrist and elbow. Seventy-six percent of the patients were able to produce at least one type of PLM; most of them could execute several. Amputation level, elapsed time since amputation, chronic pain and use of myoelectric prostheses were not found to influence PLM. Five above-elbow amputees participated in a PLM training program and consequently increased both endurance and speed of their PLM. These results clearly encourage further research on PLM-associated muscle activation patterns for future PLM-based modes of prostheses control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33643-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T15:36:04Z","timestamp":1539358564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Characteristics of phantom upper limb mobility encourage phantom-mobility-based prosthesis control"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Touillet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Peultier-Celli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Nicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathana\u00ebl","family":"Jarrass\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Loiret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00ebl","family":"Martinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Paysant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jozina B","family":"De Graaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"33643_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"C Castellini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castellini, C. et al. Procedings of the first workshop on peripheral machine interfaces: going beyond traditional surface electromyography. Frontiers in Neurobiotics. 8(22), 1\u201317 (2014).","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurobiotics."},{"issue":"3","key":"33643_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.37B3.506","volume":"37","author":"C Battye","year":"1955","unstructured":"Battye, C., Nightingale, A. & Whillis, J. The use of myo-electric currents in the operation of prostheses. J. Bone Joint Surg. 37(3), 506\u2013510 (1955).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"33643_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364613506913","volume":"38.6","author":"L Resnik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Resnik, L., Klinger, S. L. & Etter, K. The DEKA Arm: Its features, functionality, and evolution during the Veterans Affairs Study to optimize the DEKA Arm. Prosthetics and orthotics international. 38.6, 492\u2013504 (2014).","journal-title":"Prosthetics and orthotics international."},{"issue":"11","key":"33643_CR4","first-page":"598","volume":"48","author":"FR Finley","year":"1967","unstructured":"Finley, F. R. & Wirta, R. W. Myocoder studies of multiple myo-potential response. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 48(11), 598\u2013601 (1967).","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"33643_CR5","unstructured":"Lawrence, P., Herberts, P. & Kadefors, R. Experiences with a multifunctional hand prosthesis controlled by myoelectric patterns in Advances in external control of human extremities (ed. Gavrilovic, M. M. & Wilson, A. B.) 47\u201365 (Belgrade,1973)."},{"key":"33643_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677308989075","volume":"44","author":"P Herberts","year":"1973","unstructured":"Herberts, P., Almstr\u00f4m, C., Kadefors, R. & Lawrence, P. D. Hand prosthesis control via myoelectric patterns. Acta. Orthop. Scand. 44, 389\u2013409 (1973).","journal-title":"Acta. Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"33643_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.09.0177","volume":"48","author":"E Scheme","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scheme, E. & Englehart, K. Electromyogram pattern recognition for control of powered upper-limb prostheses: State of the art and challenges for clinical use. J Rehabil Res Dev. 48, 643\u201359 (2011).","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev."},{"key":"33643_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr337","volume":"135","author":"E Raffin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raffin, E., Mattout, J., Reilly, K. T. & Giraux, P. Disentangling motor execution from motor imagery with phantom limb. Brain. 135, 582\u201395 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"33643_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.02.003","volume":"48","author":"E Raffin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raffin, E., Giraux, P. & Reilly, K. T. The moving phantom: motor execution or motor imagery? Cortex. 48, 746\u201357 (2012).","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"33643_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.01.011","volume":"101","author":"F Garbarini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garbarini, F., Bisio, A., Biggio, M., Pia, L. & Bove, M. Motor sequence learning and intermanual transfer with a phantom limb. Cortex. 101, 181\u201391 (2018).","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"33643_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl154","volume":"129","author":"KT Reilly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reilly, K. T., Mercier, C., Schieber, M. H. & Sirigu, A. Persistent hand motor commands in the amputees\u2019 brain. Brain. 129, 2211\u201323 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"1","key":"33643_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.061","volume":"162","author":"M Gagn\u00e9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gagn\u00e9, M., Reilly, K. T., H\u00e9tu, S. & Mercier, C. Motor control over the phantom limb in above-elbow amputees and its relationship with phantom limb pain. Neuroscience. 162(1), 78\u201386 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"33643_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2563222","volume":"25","author":"N Jarrass\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jarrass\u00e9, N. et al. Classification of Phantom Finger, Hand, Wrist and Elbow Voluntary Gestures in Transhumeral Amputees with sEMG. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems & Rehabilitation Engineering. 25, 68\u201377 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems & Rehabilitation Engineering."},{"key":"33643_CR14","unstructured":"Wirta, R. W., Taylor, D. R. & Finley, F. R. Pattern-recognition arm prosthesis: a historical perspective-a final report. Bull. Prosthet. Res., 8\u201335 (1978)."},{"key":"33643_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1982.324954","volume":"6","author":"GN Saridis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Saridis, G. N. & Gootee, T. P. EMG pattern analysis and classification for a prosthetic arm. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 6, 403\u201312 (1982).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"33643_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/10.204774","volume":"40.1","author":"B Hudgins","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hudgins, B., Parker, P. & Scott, R. N. A new strategy for multifunction myoelectric control. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 40.1, 82\u201394 (1993).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"33643_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2005.10.001","volume":"17.1","author":"T Kuiken","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kuiken, T. Targeted reinnervation for improved prosthetic function. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am. 17.1, 1\u201313 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"33643_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"11.5","author":"AJ Young","year":"2014","unstructured":"Young, A. J., Smith, L. H., Rouse, E. J. & Hargrove, L. J. A comparison of the real-time controllability of pattern recognition to conventional myoelectric control for discrete and simultaneous movements. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11.5, 1\u201310 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"33643_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarrass\u00e9, N. et al. Voluntary phantom hand and finger movements in transhumeral amputees could be used to naturally control polydigital prostheses. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. 1239\u201345 (2017).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2017.8009419"},{"key":"33643_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2017.10.017","volume":"68","author":"G Gaudet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaudet, G., Raison, M. & Achiche, S. Classification of upper limb phantom movements in transhumeral amputees using electromyographic and kinematic features. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 68, 153\u2013164 (2018).","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"8","key":"33643_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00470","volume":"11","author":"E Lendaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lendaro, E., Mastinu, E., H\u00e5kansson, B. & Ortiz-Catalan, M. Real-time classification of non-weight bearing lower-limb movements using EMG to facilitate phantom motor execution: engineering and case study application on phantom limb pain. Front. Neurol. 11(8), 470 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"33643_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.09.0218","volume":"3","author":"M Atzori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atzori, M. et al. Effect of clinical parameters on the control of myoelectric robotic prosthetic hands. JRRD. 3, 345\u201358 (2016).","journal-title":"JRRD."},{"issue":"3","key":"33643_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2279737","volume":"22","author":"MA Powell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Powell, M. A., Kaliki, R. R. & Thakor, N. V. User training for pattern recognition-based myoelectric prostheses: improving phantom limb movement consistency and distinguishability. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 22(3), 522\u201332 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"33643_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.11.2.88","volume":"11","author":"WR Henderson","year":"1948","unstructured":"Henderson, W. R. & Smyth, G. E. Phantom limbs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 11(2), 88\u2013112 (1948).","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"33643_CR25","unstructured":"Brugger, P. From phantom limb to phantom body: Varieties of extracorporal awareness. In: Human body perception from the inside out. (ed. Knoblich. G., Thornton, I. M., Grosjean, M & Shiffrar, M.). pp. 171\u2013210 (Oxford University Press, 2006)."},{"key":"33643_CR26","first-page":"25","volume":"1","author":"J Bouffard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bouffard, J., Vincent, C., Boulianne, E., Lajoie, S. & Mercier, C. Interactions between the phantom limb sensations, prosthesis use, and rehabilitation as seen by amputees and health professionals. J Prosthet Orthot 1, 25\u201333 (2012).","journal-title":"JPO."},{"key":"33643_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000236014.78230.77","volume":"61","author":"MH Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ebrahimzadeh, M. H., Fattahi, A. S. & Birjandi Nejad, A. Long term follow up of iranian veteran upper extremity amputees from the iran-irak war (1980-1988). J Trauma. 61, 886\u20138 (2006).","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"33643_CR28","first-page":"791","volume":"101","author":"MJ Giummara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giummara, M. J. et al. Corporeal awareness and proprioceptive sense of the phantom. Bristish J Psychol. 101, 791\u2013808 (2010).","journal-title":"Bristish J Psychol."},{"key":"33643_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90097-0","volume":"17","author":"TS Jensen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jensen, T. S., Krubs, B., Nielsen, J. & Rasmussen, P. Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation. Pain. 17, 243\u201356 (1983).","journal-title":"Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"33643_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00264-5","volume":"87","author":"CM Kooijman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kooijman, C. M., Dijkstra, P. U., Geertzen, J. H. B., Elzinga, A. & van der Schans, C. P. Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study. Pain. 87(1), 33\u201341 (2000).","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"33643_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.007","volume":"312","author":"JB De Graaf","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Graaf, J. B. et al. Phantom hand and wrist movements in upper limb amputees are slow but naturally controlled movements. Neuroscience. 312, 48\u201357 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"33643_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.10.015","volume":"17","author":"H Thieme","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thieme, H., Morkisch, N., Rietz, C., Dohle, C. & Borgetto, B. The efficacy of movement representation techniques for treatment of limb pain- A systematic review and meta-analysis. The journal of Pain. 17, 167\u201380 (2017).","journal-title":"The journal of Pain."},{"key":"33643_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31598-7","volume":"388","author":"M Ortiz Catalan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ortiz Catalan, M. et al. Phantom motor execution facilitated by machine learning and augmented reality as treatment for phantom limb pain: a single group, clinical trial in patients with chronic intractable phantom limb pain. Lancet. 388, 2885\u201394 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"33643_CR34","unstructured":"Borg, G. In Measuring perceived exertion and pain in Borg\u2019s Perceived exertion and pain scales (ed. Human Kinetics)13\u20138 (Champaign,1998)."},{"key":"33643_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl180","volume":"129","author":"C Mercier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mercier, C., Reilly, K. T., Vargas, C. D., Aballea, A. & Sirigu, A. Mapping phantom movement representations in the motor cortex of amputees. Brain. 129, 2202\u201310 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"33643_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.063","volume":"130","author":"E Raffin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raffin, E., Richard, N., Giraux, P. & Reilly, K. Primary motor cortex changes after amputation correlate with phantom limb pain and the ability to move the phantom limb. Neuroimage. 130, 134\u201344 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"33643_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.07.015","volume":"95","author":"S Kikkert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kikkert, S. et al. Motor correlates of phantom limb pain. Cortex. 95, 29\u201336 (2017).","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"33643_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwashima, N. & Mita, T. Psychophysical evaluation of the capability for phantom limb movement in forearm amputees. Plos one. 1\u201311 (2016)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156349"},{"key":"33643_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215504cr716oa","volume":"18","author":"D Datta","year":"2004","unstructured":"Datta, D., Selvarajah, K. & Davey, N. Functional outcome of patients with proximal upper limb deficiency-acquired and congenital. Clin Rehabilitation. 18, 172\u20137 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin Rehabilitation."},{"key":"33643_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.1.615","volume":"114","author":"LG Cohen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cohen, L. G., Bandinelli, S., Findley, T. W. & Hallet, M. Motor reorganization after upper limb amputation in man. A study with focal magnetic stimulation. Brain. 114, 615\u201327 (1991).","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"33643_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/375482a0","volume":"375","author":"H Flor","year":"1995","unstructured":"Flor, H. et al. Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature. 375, 482\u20134 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"33643_CR42","first-page":"259","volume":"159","author":"Y Vandermeeren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vandermeeren, Y., Bastings, E., Good, D., Rouiller, E. & Olivier, E. Plasticity of motor maps in primates: recent advances and therapeutical perspectives. Rev Neurol. 159, 259\u201375 (2003).","journal-title":"Rev Neurol."},{"key":"33643_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2842-5","volume":"214","author":"BA Phillip","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillip, B. A. & Frey, S. Preserved grip selection planning in chronic unilateral upper extremity amputees. Exp Brain Res. 214, 437\u2013452 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"33643_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220400012588","volume":"21","author":"HX Qi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Qi, H. X., Stewart, P. W. & Kaas, J. H. Connections of neurons in the lumbar ventral horn of spinal cord are altered after long-standing limb loss in a macaque monkey. Somatosen Mot Res. 21, 229\u201339 (2004).","journal-title":"Somatosen Mot Res."},{"key":"33643_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00167-7","volume":"28","author":"CW Wu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wu, C. W. & Kaas, J. H. Spinal cord atrophy and reorganization of motoneuron connections following long-standing limb loss in primates. Neuron. 28, 967\u201378 (2000).","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"issue":"3","key":"33643_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1010","volume":"6","author":"A D\u2019Avella","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u2019Avella, A., Saltiel, P. & Bizzi, E. Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior. Nature neuroscience. 6(3), 300 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience."},{"key":"33643_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.03.017","volume":"474","author":"JA Johnston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnston, J. A., Bobich, L. R. & Santello, M. Coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscle activity as a function of wrist joint angle during two-digit grasping. Neurosci. Lett. 474, 104\u20138 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-33643-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-33643-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-33643-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T10:45:39Z","timestamp":1671619539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-33643-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["33643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-33643-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"15459"}}