{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:06:13Z","timestamp":1774505173375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/J007544\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J007544\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/J00544\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J00544\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/J007951\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J007951\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/J00544\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J00544\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/J00544\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J00544\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/J00544\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J00544\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/J007951\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J007951\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Marine crabs inhabit shallow coastal\/estuarine habitats particularly sensitive to climate change, and yet we know very little about the diversity of their responses to environmental\u00a0change. We report the effects of a rarely studied, but increasingly prevalent, combination of environmental factors, that of near-future<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(~1000 \u00b5atm) and a physiologically relevant 20% reduction in salinity. We focused on two crab species with differing abilities to cope with natural salinity change, and revealed via physiological and molecular studies that salinity had an overriding effect on ion exchange in the osmoregulating shore crab,<jats:italic>Carcinus maenas<\/jats:italic>. This species was unaffected by elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and was able to hyper-osmoregulate and maintain haemolymph pH homeostasis for at least one year. By contrast, the commercially important edible crab,<jats:italic>Cancer pagurus<\/jats:italic>, an osmoconformer, had limited ion-transporting capacities, which were unresponsive to dilute seawater. Elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>disrupted haemolymph pH homeostasis, but there was some respite in dilute seawater due to a salinity-induced metabolic alkalosis (increase in HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>at constant<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). Ultimately,<jats:italic>Cancer pagurus<\/jats:italic>was poorly equipped to compensate for change, and exposures were limited to 9 months. Failure to understand the full spectrum of species-related vulnerabilities could lead to erroneous predictions of the impacts of a changing marine climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34089-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T13:28:50Z","timestamp":1539782930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Sensitivity to near-future CO2 conditions in marine crabs depends on their compensatory capacities for salinity change"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nia M.","family":"Whiteley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coleen C.","family":"Suckling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Ciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Gimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hauton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"34089_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2017.10.010","volume":"198","author":"S Little","year":"2017","unstructured":"Little, S., Spencer, K. L., Schuttelaars, H. M., Millward, G. E. & Elliott, M. Unbounded boundaries and shifting baselines: Estuaries and coastal seas in a rapidly changing world. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 198, 311\u2013318 (2017).","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"34089_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2011.06.016","volume":"94","author":"M Elliott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elliott, M. & Whitfield, A. Challenging paradigms in estuarine ecology and management. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 94, 306\u2013314 (2011).","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"6243","key":"34089_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aac4722","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4722","volume":"349","author":"J-P Gattuso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gattuso, J.-P. et al. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emission scenarios. Science 349(6243), aac4722 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"34089_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1212222","volume":"336","author":"PJ Durack","year":"2012","unstructured":"Durack, P. J., Wijffels, S. E. & Matear, R. J. Ocean salinities reveal strong global water cycle intensification during 1950 to 2000. Science 336, 455\u2013458 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"34089_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2006.03.016","volume":"64","author":"JC Blackford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blackford, J. C. & Gilbert, F. J. pH variability and CO2 induced acification in the North Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 64, 229\u2013241 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"34089_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01693.x","volume":"14","author":"R Przeslawski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Przeslawski, R., Anyong, S., Byrne, M., W\u00f6rheides, G. & Hutchings, P. Beyond corals and fish: the effects of climate change on noncoral benthic invertebrates of tropical reefs. Global Change Biol. 14(12), 2773\u20132795 (2008).","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"34089_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2008.07.024","volume":"366","author":"S Widdicombe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Widdicombe, S. & Spicer, J. I. Predicting the impact of ocean acidification on benthic biodiversity: What can animal physiology tell us? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 366(1\u20132), 187\u2013197 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"34089_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07768","volume":"373","author":"H-O P\u00f6rtner","year":"2008","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.-O. Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming: a physiologist\u2019s view. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 373, 203\u2013217 (2008).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"4","key":"34089_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2012.02061.x","volume":"27","author":"MW Kelly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelly, M. W. & Hofmann, G. E. Adaptation and the physiology of ocean acidification. Funct. Ecol. 27(4), 380\u2013390 (2013).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"34089_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130004","volume":"4","author":"EH Larsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Larsen, E. H. et al. Osmoregulation and excretion. Compr. Physiol. 4(2), 405\u2013573 (2014).","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"34089_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-2313-2009","volume":"6","author":"F Melzner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Melzner, F. et al. Physiological basis for high CO2 tolerance in marine ectothermic animals: pre-adaptation through lifestyle and ontogeny? Biogeosciences 6(10), 2313\u20132331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-6-2313-2009 (2009).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"34089_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09185","volume":"430","author":"NM Whiteley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whiteley, N. M. Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 430, 257\u2013271 (2011).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"11","key":"34089_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1982","volume":"3","author":"AC Wittmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wittmann, A. C. & P\u00f6rtner, H.-O. Sensitivities of extant animal taxa to ocean acidification. Nat. Clim. Change 3(11), 995\u20131001 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"34089_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsn048","volume":"65","author":"VJ Fabry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A. & Orr, J. C. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65(3), 414\u2013432 (2008).","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"34089_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10123","volume":"470","author":"H-O P\u00f6rtner","year":"2012","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.-O. Integrating climate-related stressors effects on marine organisms: unifying principles linking molecules to ecosystem-levels changes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 470, 273\u2013290 (2012).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"4","key":"34089_CR16","first-page":"539","volume":"53","author":"AE Todgham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Todgham, A. E. & Stillman, J. H. Physiological responses to shifts in multiple environmental stressors: relevance in a changing world. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 53(4), 539\u2013544 (2013).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"34089_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2456","volume":"5","author":"U Riebesell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riebesell, U. & Gattuso, J.-P. Lessons learned from ocean acidification research. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 12\u201314 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"34089_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-122414-033953","volume":"8","author":"AR Gunderson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gunderson, A. R., Armstrong, E. J. & Stillman, J. H. Multiple stressors in a changing world: the need for an improved perspective on physiological responses to the dynamic marine environment. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 8, 357\u2013378 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"34089_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14102","volume":"24","author":"PW Boyd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boyd, P. W. et al. Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change - A review. Global Change Biol. 24, 2239\u20132261 (2018).","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"34089_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.516","volume":"3","author":"B Harvey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harvey, B., Gwynn-Jones, D. & Moore, P. Meta-analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming. Ecol. Evol. 3(4), 1016\u20131030 (2013).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"5","key":"34089_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1403","volume":"5","author":"F Bozinovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bozinovic, F. & P\u00f6rtner, H.-O. Physiological ecology meetsclimate change. Ecol. Evol. 5(5), 1025\u20131030 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"6","key":"34089_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12833","volume":"21","author":"R Przeslawski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Przeslawski, R., Byrne, M. & Mellin, C. A review and meta-analysis of the effects of multiple stressors on marine embryos and larvae. Global Change Biol. 21(6), 2122\u20132140 (2015).","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokolova, I. M., Matoo, O. B., Dickinson, G. H., & Beniash, E. Physiological effects of ocean acidification on animal calcifiers in Stressors in the Marine Environment Physiological and Ecological Responses; Societal Implications (eds Solan, M. & Whiteley, N. M.) 36\u201355 (Oxford University Press, 2016).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198718826.003.0003"},{"issue":"6","key":"34089_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12179","volume":"19","author":"KJ Kroeker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kroeker, K. J. et al. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: Quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Global Change Biol. 19(6), 1884\u20131896 (2013).","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-488","volume":"12","author":"S Fehsenfeld","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fehsenfeld, S. et al. Effects of elevated pCO2 on gene expression patterns in the gills of the green crab, Carcinus maenas. BMC Genomics 12, 488 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"34089_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.5.1003","volume":"204","author":"NM Whiteley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Whiteley, N. M., Scott, J. L., Breeze, S. J. & McCann, L. Effects of water salinity on acid-base balance in decapod crustaceans. J. Exp. Biol. 204(5), 1003\u20131011 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.061481","volume":"215","author":"GH Dickinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dickinson, G. H. Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 29\u201343 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.135624","volume":"220","author":"GA Rivera-Ingraham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rivera-Ingraham, G. A. & Lignot, J.-H. Osmoregulation, bioenergetics and oxidative stress in coastal marine invertebrates: raising the questions for future research. J. Exp. Biol. 220, 1749\u20131760 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2012.00431","volume":"3","author":"RP Henry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henry, R. P., Lucu, C., Onken, H. & Weihrauch, D. Multiple functions of the crustacean gill: osmotic\/ionic regulation, acid-base balance, ammonia excretion, and bioaccumulation of toxic metals. Front. Physiol. 3, 431, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphy.2012.00431 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"34089_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02255.x","volume":"13","author":"J Roman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roman, J. & Palumbi, S. R. A global invader at home: population structure of the green crab, Carcinus maenas, in Europe. Mol. Ecol. 13, 2891\u20132898 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"issue":"6","key":"34089_CR31","first-page":"321","volume":"4","author":"S Wanson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wanson, S., Pequeux, A. & Gilles, R. Osmoregulation in the stone crab Cancer pagurus. Mar. Biol. Lett. 4(6), 321\u2013330 (1983).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"34089_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12044","volume":"566","author":"NJ McKeown","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKeown, N. J., Hauser, L. & Shaw, P. W. Microsatellite genotyping of brown crab Cancer pagurus reveals fine-scale selection and \u2018non-chaotic\u2019 genetic patchiness within a high gene flow system. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 566, 91\u2013103 (2017).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"34089_CR33","unstructured":"Lignot, J. -H. & Charmantier, G. Osmoregulation and excretion in Natural History of the Crustacea, Physiology (eds Chang, E. S. & Thiel, M.) 249\u2013284 (Oxford University Press, 2015)."},{"key":"34089_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2007.01.010","volume":"32","author":"R Metzger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Metzger, R., Sartoris, F. J., Langenbuch, M. & P\u00f6rtner, H.-O. Influence of elevated CO2 concentrations on thermal tolerance of the edible crab Cancer pagurus. J. Therm. Biol. 32, 144\u2013151 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2017.09.037","volume":"220","author":"S Papadimitriou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papadimitriou, S. et al. The stoichiometric dissociation constant of carbonic acid in seawater brines from 298 to 267 K. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 220, 55\u201370 (2018).","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Acta"},{"key":"34089_CR36","unstructured":"Zeebe, R. E. & Wolf-Gladrow, D. CO 2 in seawater: Equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes. (Elsevier Oceanography Series, 2001)."},{"issue":"2","key":"34089_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402630204","volume":"263","author":"MG Wheatly","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wheatly, M. G. & Henry, R. P. Extracellular and intracellular acid-base regulation in crustaceans. J. Exp. Zool. 263(2), 127\u2013142 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"issue":"4","key":"34089_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02684","volume":"210","author":"JR Tsai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsai, J. R. & Lin, H.-C. V-type H+ ATPase and Na+, K+ ATPase in the gills of 13 euryhaline crabs during salinity acclimation. J. Exp. Biol. 210(4), 620\u2013627 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"34089_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(03)00064-3","volume":"135","author":"C Lucu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lucu, C. & Towle, D. W. Na+\u2009+\u2009K+ ATPase in the gills of aquatic crustacea. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 135(2), 195\u2013214 (2003).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"34089_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(88)91120-6","volume":"90","author":"RR Harris","year":"1988","unstructured":"Harris, R. R. & Bayliss, D. Gill (Na+\u2009+\u2009K+) ATPases in decapod crustaceans: distribution and characteristics in relation to Na+ regulation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 90, 303\u2013308 (1988).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"34089_CR41","first-page":"R490","volume":"276","author":"C Lucu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lucu, C. & Flik, C. Na+-K+-ATPase and Na+\/Ca2+ exchange activities in the gills of hyperregulating Carcinus maenas. Am. J. Physiol. 276, R490\u2013R499 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"34089_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2016.06.006","volume":"483","author":"FT-C Pan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pan, F. T.-C., Applehaum, S. L., Lentz, B. A. & Manahan, D. T. Predicting phenotypic variation in growth and metabolism of marine invertebrate larvae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 483, 64\u201373 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"34089_CR43","first-page":"131","volume":"8","author":"JC Havird","year":"2013","unstructured":"Havird, J. C., Henry, R. P. & Wilson, A. E. Altered expression of Na+\/K+-ATPase and other osmoregulating genes in the gills of euryhaline animals in response to salinity transfer: A meta-analysis of 59 quantitative PCR studies over 10 years. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D 8(2), 131\u2013140 (2013).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D"},{"issue":"5","key":"34089_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.5.991","volume":"204","author":"RP Henry","year":"2001","unstructured":"Henry, R. P. Environmentally mediated carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of euryhaline crustaceans. J. Exp. Biol. 204(5), 991\u20131002 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"34089_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.01.020","volume":"147","author":"G Torres","year":"2007","unstructured":"Torres, G., Charmantier-Daures, M., Chifflet, S. & Anger, K. Effects of long-term exposure to different salinities on the location and activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in the gills of juvenile mitten crab Eriochier sinensis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 147(2), 460\u2013465 (2007).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"issue":"2","key":"34089_CR46","first-page":"115","volume":"6","author":"DW Towle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Towle, D. W., Henry, R. P. & Terwilliger, N. B. Micro-array detected changes in gene expression in gills of green crabs (Carcinus maenas) upon dilution of environmental salinity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D 6(2), 115\u2013125 (2011).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D"},{"issue":"5","key":"34089_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv013","volume":"55","author":"D Weihrauch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weihrauch, D. & O\u2019Donnell, M. J. Links between osmoregulation and nitrogen-excretion in insects and crustaceans. Integr. Comp. Biol. 55(5), 816\u2013829 (2015).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"34089_CR48","first-page":"186","volume":"3","author":"L Serrano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Serrano, L. & Henry, R. P. Differential expression and induction of two carbonic anhydrase isoforms in the gills of the euryhaline green crab Carcinus maenas in response to slow salinity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D 3(2), 186\u2013193 (2008).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D"},{"issue":"7","key":"34089_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.10075","volume":"292","author":"RP Henry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Henry, R. P., Garrelts, E. E., McCarty, M. M. & Towle, D. W. Differential induction of branchial carbonic anhydrase and Na+\/K+ ATPase activity in the euryhaline crab, Carcinus maenas, in response to low salinity exposure. J. Exp. Zool. 292(7), 595\u2013603 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"issue":"3","key":"34089_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1086\/BBLv227n3p285","volume":"227","author":"RT Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell, R. T. & Henry, R. P. Functional characterization of neuroendocrine regulation of branchial carbonic anhydrase induction of the euryhaline crab Callinectes sapidus. Biol. Bull. 227(3), 285\u2013299 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"34089_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.6.1003","volume":"200","author":"DW Towle","year":"1997","unstructured":"Towle, D. W. et al. Sodium\/proton antiporter in the euryhaline crab Carcinus maenas molecular cloning, expression, and tissue distribution. J. Exp. Biol. 200(6), 1003\u20131014 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2015-0132","volume":"94","author":"S Fehsenfeld","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fehsenfeld, S. & Weihrauch, D. Mechanisms of acid-base regulation in seawater-acclimated green crabs (Carcinus maenas). Can. J. Zool. 94, 95\u2013107 (2016).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"issue":"1","key":"34089_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2012.09.016","volume":"164","author":"S Fehsenfeld","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fehsenfeld, S. & Weihrauch, D. Differential acid-base regulation in various gills of the green crab Carcinus maenas: Effects of environmental pCO2 levels. Comp. Biochem. Physio. A 164(1), 54\u201365 (2013).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physio. A"},{"issue":"3","key":"34089_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.248","volume":"305A","author":"T Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li, T., Roer, R., Vana, M., Pate, S. & Check, J. Gill area, permeability and Na+, K+-ATPase activity as a function of size and salinity in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. J. Exp. Zool. 305A(3), 233\u2013245 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"issue":"3","key":"34089_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(85)90262-7","volume":"80","author":"FD King","year":"1985","unstructured":"King, F. D., Cucci, T. L. & Bidigare, R. R. A pathway of nitrogen-metabolism in marine decapod crabs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 80(3), 401\u2013403 (1985).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"34089_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600050190","volume":"169","author":"D Weihrauch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weihrauch, D., Becker, W., Postel, U., Luck-Kopp, S. & Siebers, D. Potential of active excretion of ammonia in three different haline species of crabs. J. Comp. Physiol. B 169(1), 25\u201337 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"34089_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(01)00289-1","volume":"264","author":"PS Rainbow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rainbow, P. S. & Black, W. H. Effects of changes in salinity on the apparent water permeability of three carb species: Carcinus maenas, Eriocheir sinensis and Necora puber. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 264, 1\u201313 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"34089_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.101.1.255","volume":"101","author":"RP Henry","year":"1982","unstructured":"Henry, R. P. & Cameron, J. N. Acid-base balance in Callinectes sapidus during acclimation from high to low salinity. J. Exp. Biol. 101, 255\u2013264 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0156-z","volume":"109","author":"M Meinshausen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meinshausen, M. et al. The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. Clim. Change 109, 213\u2013241 (2011).","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"34089_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/07924259.2013.875951","volume":"58","author":"CC Suckling","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suckling, C. C. et al. Experimental evidence of pH on the early life-stages of sea urchins II: increasing parental exposure times gives rise to different responses. Invertebr. Repr. Dev. 58(3), 161\u2013175 (2014).","journal-title":"Invertebr. Repr. Dev."},{"key":"34089_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00061","volume":"3","author":"HS Findlay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Findlay, H. S., Kendall, M. A., Spicer, J. I., Turley, C. & Widdicombe, S. Novel microcosm system for investigating the effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on intertidal organisms. Aquat. Biol. 3, 51\u201362 (2008).","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130186","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0186","volume":"368","author":"JA Godbold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Godbold, J. A. & Solan, M. Long-term effects of warming and ocean acidification are modified by seasonal variation in species responses and environmental conditions. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 368, 20130186 (2013).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B"},{"key":"34089_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.08.019","volume":"203","author":"B-P Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, B.-P., Tu, D.-D., Yan, M.-C., Shu, M.-A. & Shao, Q.-J. Molecular characterisation of a cDNA encoding Na+\/K+\/2Cl\u2212 transporter in the gill of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) during the molt cycle: Implication of its function in osmoregulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A 203, 115\u2013125 (2017).","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A"},{"key":"34089_CR64","unstructured":"Lewis, E., & Wallace, D. W. R. Program Developed for CO 2 System Calculations, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN (1998)."},{"issue":"10","key":"34089_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(87)90021-5","volume":"34","author":"AG Dickson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dickson, A. G. & Millero, F. J. A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep-Sea Res. 34(10), 1733\u20131743 (1987).","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res."},{"key":"34089_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1973.18.6.0897","volume":"18","author":"C Mehrbach","year":"1973","unstructured":"Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E. & Pytkowicz, R. M. Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanog. 18, 897\u2013907 (1973).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanog."},{"issue":"4","key":"34089_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1971.31.4.632","volume":"31","author":"JN Cameron","year":"1971","unstructured":"Cameron, J. N. Rapid method for the determination of total carbon dioxide in small blood samples. J. Appl. Physiol. 31(4), 632\u2013634 (1971).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"34089_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.64.1.45","volume":"64","author":"J-P Truchot","year":"1976","unstructured":"Truchot, J.-P. Carbon dioxide combining properties of the blood of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.): Carbon dioxide solubility coefficient and carbonic acid dissociation constants. J. Exp. Biol. 64, 45\u201357 (1976a).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"34089_CR69","first-page":"R707","volume":"256","author":"SD McCormick","year":"1989","unstructured":"McCormick, S. D. & Bern, H. A. In vitro stimulation of Na+, K+-ATPase activity and oubain binding by cortisol in coho salmon gill. Am. J. Physiol. 256(3), R707\u2013R715 (1989).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"34089_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.05.008","volume":"151","author":"CA Freire","year":"2008","unstructured":"Freire, C. A., Onken, H. & McNamara, J. C. A structure-function analysis of ion transport in crustacean gills and excretory organs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 151(3), 272\u2013304 (2008).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"34089_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","volume":"55","author":"SA Bustin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bustin, S. A. et al. The MIQE guidelines: Minimum Information for publication of Quantitative real-time PCR Experiments. Clin. Chem. 55, 611\u2013622 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"34089_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.75","volume":"7","author":"F Sievers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sievers, F. et al. Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega. Mol. Syst. Biol. 7, 539 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"34089_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandesompele, J. et al. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol. 3(7); genomebiology.com\/2002\/3\/7\/research\/0034.1 (2002).","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034"},{"issue":"2","key":"34089_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R19","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-2-r19","volume":"8","author":"Jan Hellemans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hellemans, J., Mortier, G., De Paepe, A., Speleman, F. & Vandesompele, J. qBase relative quantification framework and software for management and automated analysis of real-time quantitative PCR data. Genome Biol. 8(2); genomebiology.com\/2007\/8\/2\/R19 (2007).","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"key":"34089_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3820805","volume":"15","author":"M Bengtsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bengtsson, M., St\u00e5hlberg, A., Rorsman, P. & Kubista, M. Gene expression profiling in single cells from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans reveals lognormal distribution of mRNA levels. Genome Res. 15, 1388\u20131392 (2005).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"34089_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2009.11.001","volume":"50","author":"S Derveaux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Derveaux, S., Vandesompele, J. & Hellemans, J. How to do successful gene expression analysis using real-time PCR. Methods 50, 227\u2013230 (2010).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"34089_CR77","unstructured":"Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & R Core Team. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3, 1\u2013128, http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=nlme (2016)."},{"issue":"3","key":"34089_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00692299","volume":"112","author":"J-P Truchot","year":"1976","unstructured":"Truchot, J.-P. Carbon dioxide combining properties of the blood of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (l.): CO2-Dissociation curves and Haldane effect. J. Comp. Physiol. 112(3), 283\u2013293 (1976b).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-34089-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-34089-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-34089-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T13:09:39Z","timestamp":1720703379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-34089-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["34089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-34089-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"15639"}}