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The binding requirement of IAVs for Gal\u03b2(1,4)Glc\/ GlcNAc (lactose\/lactosamine) glycans with a terminal \u03b1(2,6)-linked (human receptors) or \u03b1(2,3)-linked (avian receptors) <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-acetylneuraminic residue commonly found on <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-glycans, is well-established. However the role and significance of sialylated Gal\u03b2(1,3)GalNAc (core 1) epitopes that are typical <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glycoforms in influenza virus pathogenesis remains poorly detailed. Here we report a multidisciplinary study using NMR spectroscopy, virus neutralization assays and molecular modelling, into the potential for IAV to engage sialyl-Gal\u03b2(1,3)GalNAc <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glycoforms for cell attachment. H5 containing virus like particles (VLPs) derived from an H5N1 avian IAV strain show a significant involvement of the <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glycan-specific GalNAc residue, coordinated by a EQTKLY motif conserved in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains. Notably, human pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses shift the preference from \u2018human-like\u2019 \u03b1(2,6)-linkages in sialylated Gal\u03b2(1,4)Glc\/GlcNAc fragments to \u2018avian-like\u2019 \u03b1(2,3)-linkages in sialylated Gal\u03b2(1,3)GalNAc without involvement of the GalNAc residue. Overall, our study suggests that sialylated Gal\u03b2(1,3)GalNAc as <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glycan core 1 glycoforms are involved in the influenza A virus life cycle and play a particularly crucial role during infection of HPAI strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34175-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T10:46:08Z","timestamp":1540982768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Unravelling the Role of O-glycans in Influenza A Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Juliane","family":"Mayr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kam","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy C. 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