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Here, we describe a computational framework to address this limitation, and show how\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    methods, applied to measurements on immature cardiomyocytes, can be used to both identify drug action and to predict its effect in mature cells. Our synthetic and experimental results indicate that optically obtained waveforms of voltage and calcium from microphysiological systems can be inverted into information on drug ion channel blockage, and then, through assuming functional invariance of proteins during maturation, this data can be used to predict drug induced changes in mature ventricular cells. Together, this pipeline of measurements and computational analysis could significantly improve the ability of hiPSC derived cardiomycocytes to predict dangerous drug side effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35858-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T13:39:53Z","timestamp":1543412393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Inversion and computational maturation of drug response using human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Aslak","family":"Tveito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karoline Horgmo","family":"J\u00e6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Huebsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9r\u00e9nice","family":"Charrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin E.","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"35858_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiroyuki, A. et al. 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Professor Aslak Tveito, Dr. Samuel Wall, and Karoline J\u00e6 ger have applied for a patent application in relation to the mathematical and computational framework. Dr. Andy Edwards and Dr. Berenice Charrez declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"17626"}}