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National Free Preconception Health Examination Project was launched to investigate these risk factors and collected a representative sample of 248501 participants from 31 provinces in China from 2010 to 2013. Parental risk factors were ascertained twice before and during pregnancy respectively by questionnaires. Stillbirth or live birth were recorded by trained physicians. In the analysis, nested case-control study was conducted, and propensity score matching method was used to adjust the confounding. Multi-level logistic regression was used to fit for multi-level sampling. The overall stillbirth rate was 0.35% in rural China, it was higher in North (0.42%) and West (0.64%) areas. Maternal exposure to pesticide (OR (95%CI 1.06, 3.39)), hypertension (OR\u2009=\u20091.58 (95%CI 1.07, 2.34)), lack of appetite for vegetables (OR\u2009=\u20091.99 (95%CI 1.00, 3.93)), stress (compared with no pressure, OR of a little pressure was 1.34(95% CI 1.02, 1.76)); paternal exposure to smoking (OR\u2009=\u20091.22 (95% CI 1.02, 1.46)), organic solvents (OR\u2009=\u20091.64 (95% CI 1.01, 2.69)) were found independent risk factors of stillbirth. Folacin intake 3 months before pregnancy (OR\u2009=\u20090.72 (95%) CI 0.59, 0.89), folacin intake 1-2 months before pregnancy (OR\u2009=\u20090.71 (95% CI 0.55, 0.92)), folacin intake after pregnancy (OR\u2009=\u20090.81 (95% CI 0.65, 1.02) for) were protect factors of stillbirth. Maternal pesticide exposure, lack of vegetables, stress, paternal smoking and exposure to organic solvents were risk factors of stillbirth. Folic acid intake was protective factor of stillbirth, no matter when the intake began.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35931-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T11:32:59Z","timestamp":1548243179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Risk factors of stillbirth in rural China: A national cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yimin","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengsheng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"35931_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30461-5","volume":"387","author":"D Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, D., Cui, S., Liu, C., Qi, H. & Zhong, N. 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